界: API Abuse

API 就像是呼叫者與被呼叫者之間簽訂的規定。最常見的 API 濫用形式是由呼叫者這一當事方未能遵守此規定所造成的。例如，如果程式在呼叫 chroot() 後無法呼叫 chdir()，即違反規範如何以安全方式變更使用中根目錄的規定。程式庫濫用的另一個好例子是期待被呼叫者向呼叫者傳回值得信賴的 DNS 資訊。在這種情況下，呼叫者是透過對其行為做出某些假設 (傳回值可用於驗證目的) 來濫用被呼叫者 API。另一方也可能違反呼叫者與被呼叫者間的規定。例如，如果編碼器衍生出子類別 SecureRandom 並傳回一個非隨機值，則違反了規定。

ASP.NET MVC Bad Practices: Model With Optional and Required Properties

Abstract
模型類別擁有需要的屬性，也擁有不需要的屬性，因此可能受到過度公佈攻擊。
Explanation
若使用的模型類別既有需要的屬性 (以 [Required] 屬性標明)，也有選用的屬性 (未以 [Required] 屬性標明)，在攻擊者傳送的要求所含資料多於預期時，會發生問題。

ASP.NET MVC 框架嘗試將要求參數繫結至模型屬性。

若兼具多種需求，但未明確指出哪些參數將繫結至模型，此狀況可能表示有些模型屬性供內部使用，但是可由攻擊者控制。

以下程式碼定義了某種可能的模型類別，該類別既包含擁有 [Required] 的屬性，也包含沒有 [Required] 的屬性：


public class MyModel
{
    [Required]
    public String UserName { get; set; }

    [Required]
    public String Password { get; set; }

    public Boolean IsAdmin { get; set; }
}


若選用參數能變更應用程式的行為，則攻擊者就能透過在要求中傳送選用參數來實際變更該行為。
References
[1] Input Validation vs. Model Validation in ASP.NET MVC
[2] BindAttribute Class
[3] RequiredAttribute Class
[4] Standards Mapping - CIS Azure Kubernetes Service Benchmark 3
[5] Standards Mapping - CIS Microsoft Azure Foundations Benchmark complete
[6] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Benchmark 4
[7] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Web Services Foundations Benchmark 3
[8] Standards Mapping - CIS Google Kubernetes Engine Benchmark integrity
[9] Standards Mapping - CIS Kubernetes Benchmark partial
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 345
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002422
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-8 Transmission Confidentiality and Integrity (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-8 Transmission Confidentiality and Integrity
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API3 Broken Object Property Level Authorization
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 3.5.3 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 13.2.6 RESTful Web Service Verification Requirements (L2 L3)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M1 Weak Server Side Controls
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002470 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
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