界: Input Validation and Representation

入力の検証や表現の問題は、メタキャラクター、代替エンコーディング、数値表現などによって引き起こされます。セキュリティの問題は、入力を信頼することに起因します。この問題に含まれるのは、「Buffer Overflow」、「Cross-Site Scripting」攻撃、「SQL Injection」などです。

Integer Overflow

Abstract
Integer Overflow を考慮に入れないと、論理エラーまたは Buffer Overflow を引き起こす可能性があります。
Explanation
整数オーバーフロー エラーは、プログラムが算術演算の結果、データ型の最大値よりも大きいか、最小値よりも小さい量が得られるという事実を考慮していない場合に発生します。これらのエラーは、ユーザーの入力と、符号付きと符号なしの値の間の暗黙の変換が交差する、メモリ割り当て関数の問題をしばしば引き起こします。攻撃者がプログラムにメモリを過小に割り当てさせたり、メモリ操作で符号付きの値を符号なしの値として解釈させたりできる場合、プログラムがバッファオーバーフローの危険にさらされる可能性があります。

例 1: OpenSSH 3.3 から引用した次のコードは、Integer Overflow の典型的な例です。


nresp = packet_get_int();
if (nresp > 0) {
response = xmalloc(nresp*sizeof(char*));
for (i = 0; i < nresp; i++)
response[i] = packet_get_string(NULL);
}
nresp の値が 1073741824 であり、sizeof(char*) の通常の値が 4 の場合、処理 nresp*sizeof(char*) の結果はオーバーフローし、xmalloc() の引数は 0 になります。大部分の malloc() 実装では 0 バイトのバッファ割り当ても可能ですが、その後のループの反復処理でヒープ バッファ response のオーバーフローを引き起こします。

例 2: この例は、一連の変数長構造体に含まれるユーザー入力を処理しています。入力の先頭 2 バイトは、処理する構造体のサイズを記述しています。


char* processNext(char* strm) {
char buf[512];
short len = *(short*) strm;
strm += sizeof(len);
if (len <= 512) {
memcpy(buf, strm, len);
process(buf);
return strm + len;
} else {
return -1;
}
}


プログラマにより、構造体サイズの上限が設定されています。入力が 512 より大きい場合、処理は実行されません。問題は、len が符号付き整数であることです。構造体の最大長チェックは符号付き整数で行われますが、memcpy() のコールのために len は符号なしの整数に変換されます。len が負の場合、構造体のサイズは適切であるように見えますが (if 分岐が実行されます)、memcpy() によりコピーされたメモリ量は巨大になり、攻撃者は strm のデータでスタックをオーバーフローさせることが可能になります。
References
[1] blexim Basic Integer Overflows Phrack
[2] D. Plakosh Coding Flaws That Lead to Security Failures 2nd Annual Hampton University Information Assurance Symposium
[3] Les Hatton Safer C: Developing Software for High-integrity and Safety-critical Systems McGraw-Hill Companies
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 190, CWE ID 191
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [8] CWE ID 190
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [11] CWE ID 190
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [12] CWE ID 190
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [13] CWE ID 190
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [14] CWE ID 190
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020, [23] CWE ID 190
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754, CCI-002824
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 7.5, Rule 7.6, Rule 21.18
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1, Rule 5-19-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1), SI-16 Memory Protection (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation, SI-16 Memory Protection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.4.3 Memory/String/Unmanaged Code Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 6.5.5
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 682
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Smart Contract Weakness Classification SWC-101
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Integer Overflows (WASC-03)
desc.dataflow.cpp.integer_overflow
Abstract
整数オーバーフローを考慮しないと、ロジック エラーまたはバッファ オーバーフローとなる可能性があります。
Explanation
整数オーバーフロー エラーは、プログラムが算術演算の結果、データ型の最大値よりも大きいか、最小値よりも小さい量が得られるという事実を考慮していない場合に発生します。これらのエラーは、ユーザーの入力と、符号付きと符号なしの値の間の暗黙の変換が交差する、メモリ割り当て関数の問題をしばしば引き起こします。攻撃者がプログラムにメモリを過小に割り当てさせたり、メモリ操作で符号付きの値を符号なしの値として解釈させたりできる場合、プログラムがバッファオーバーフローの危険にさらされる可能性があります。

例 1: 以下のコードの引用は、整数オーバーフローの典型的なケースを示しています。


77 accept-in PIC 9(10).
77 num PIC X(4) COMP-5. *> native 32-bit unsigned integer
77 mem-size PIC X(4) COMP-5.
...
ACCEPT accept-in
MOVE accept-in TO num
MULTIPLY 4 BY num GIVING mem-size

CALL "CBL_ALLOC_MEM" USING
mem-pointer
BY VALUE mem-size
BY VALUE 0
RETURNING status-code
END-CALL
num の値が 1073741824 である場合、操作 MULTIPLY 4 BY num の結果はオーバーフローし、malloc() に対する引数 mem-size0 になります。ほとんどの malloc() の実装は 0 バイト バッファの割り当てを許可するため、後続のステートメントでヒープ バッファ mem-pointer のオーバーフローが発生します。
References
[1] blexim Basic Integer Overflows Phrack
[2] D. Plakosh Coding Flaws That Lead to Security Failures 2nd Annual Hampton University Information Assurance Symposium
[3] Les Hatton Safer C: Developing Software for High-integrity and Safety-critical Systems McGraw-Hill Companies
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 190, CWE ID 191
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [8] CWE ID 190
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [11] CWE ID 190
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [12] CWE ID 190
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [13] CWE ID 190
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [14] CWE ID 190
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020, [23] CWE ID 190
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754, CCI-002824
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 7.5, Rule 7.6, Rule 21.18
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1, Rule 5-19-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1), SI-16 Memory Protection (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation, SI-16 Memory Protection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.4.3 Memory/String/Unmanaged Code Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 6.5.5
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 682
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Smart Contract Weakness Classification SWC-101
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Integer Overflows (WASC-03)
desc.dataflow.cobol.integer_overflow