界: Security Features
软件安全不是安全软件。此处我们关注的主题包括身份验证、Access Control、机密性、加密和权限管理。
Privacy Violation: Health Information
Abstract
标识函数错误地处理了健康状况信息。 此程序可能会泄露用户的个人隐私。
Explanation
以下情况下可能会泄露私人健康状况信息：
1. 用户的健康状况信息进入了程序。
2. 数据被写到外部位置，例如控制台、文件系统或网络。
示例 1：以下代码会从 HealthKit 存储中检索用户的血型，将其发送到服务器并记录到设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置，但这不是绝对的，特别是涉及到隐私问题时。
注意： Apple Logging API 比
当设备丢失或被盗时，就会产生有关维护用户数据隐私的其他方面的忧虑。 攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备，即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。 iOS Property Lists (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问，可能会泄露个人信息。 通常的做法是，不应将私人健康状况详细信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。
示例 2： 以下代码向用户默认值列表中添加了用户的血型，并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。
鉴于私人数据往往被错误处理，私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。 在健康状况信息方面，组织可能要遵守下列一项或若干项联邦和州的法规：
- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [2]
- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [3]
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [4]
- California SB-1386 [5]
尽管制定了这些规范，Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
1. 用户的健康状况信息进入了程序。
2. 数据被写到外部位置，例如控制台、文件系统或网络。
示例 1：以下代码会从 HealthKit 存储中检索用户的血型，将其发送到服务器并记录到设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置，但这不是绝对的，特别是涉及到隐私问题时。
...
HKHealthStore healthStore = new HKHealthStore();
HKBloodTypeObject blood = healthStore.GetBloodType(null);
NSLog("%@", blood.BloodType);
var urlWithParams = String.format(TOKEN_URL, block.BloodType);
var responseString = await client.GetStringAsync(urlWithParams);
...
注意： Apple Logging API 比
NSLog 函数所处的等级更低，开发人员可借助前者创建能够读取设备上所有日志的应用程序，即便他们并不拥有其他应用程序也是如此。当设备丢失或被盗时，就会产生有关维护用户数据隐私的其他方面的忧虑。 攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备，即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。 iOS Property Lists (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问，可能会泄露个人信息。 通常的做法是，不应将私人健康状况详细信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。
示例 2： 以下代码向用户默认值列表中添加了用户的血型，并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。
...
HKHealthStore healthStore = new HKHealthStore();
HKBloodTypeObject blood = healthStore.GetBloodType(null);
// Add blood type to user defaults
NSUserDefaults.StandardUserDefaults.SetString(blood.BloodType, "bloodType");
...
鉴于私人数据往往被错误处理，私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。 在健康状况信息方面，组织可能要遵守下列一项或若干项联邦和州的法规：
- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [2]
- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [3]
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [4]
- California SB-1386 [5]
尽管制定了这些规范，Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[2] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[3] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[4] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[5] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.dotnet.privacy_violation_health_information
Abstract
该函数错误地处理了健康状况信息。此程序会危及到用户的个人隐私。
Explanation
以下情况下可能会泄露私人健康状况信息：
1. 用户的健康状况信息进入了程序。
2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质，例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1：以下代码会从 HealthKit 存储中检索用户的血型，将其发送到服务器并记录到设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置，但这不是绝对的，特别是涉及到隐私问题时。
注意：Apple Logging API 比
当设备丢失或被盗时，就会产生有关维护系统信息的其他方面的忧虑。攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备之后，即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。iOS 属性列表 (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问，可能会泄露个人信息。通常的做法是，不要将私人健康状况详细信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。
示例 2：以下代码向用户默认值列表中添加了用户的血型，并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。
鉴于私人数据往往被错误处理，私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。对于健康状况信息而言，要求各个组织应遵守下列一项或若干项联邦和州的规定：
- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [2]
- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [3]
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [4]
- California SB-1386 [5]
尽管制定了这些规范，Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
1. 用户的健康状况信息进入了程序。
2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质，例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1：以下代码会从 HealthKit 存储中检索用户的血型，将其发送到服务器并记录到设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置，但这不是绝对的，特别是涉及到隐私问题时。
...
HKHealthStore *healthStore = [[HKHealthStore alloc] init];
HKBloodTypeObject *blood = [healthStore bloodTypeWithError:nil];
NSLog(@"%@", [blood bloodType]);
NSString *urlWithParams = [NSString stringWithFormat:TOKEN_URL, [blood bloodType]];
NSMutableURLRequest *request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:urlWithParams]];
[request setHTTPMethod:@"GET"];
[[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:request delegate:self];
...
注意：Apple Logging API 比
NSLog 函数位于更底层的位置，开发者可借助前者创建能够读取设备上所有日志的应用程序，即便他们并不拥有其他应用程序。当设备丢失或被盗时，就会产生有关维护系统信息的其他方面的忧虑。攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备之后，即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。iOS 属性列表 (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问，可能会泄露个人信息。通常的做法是，不要将私人健康状况详细信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。
示例 2：以下代码向用户默认值列表中添加了用户的血型，并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。
...
HKHealthStore *healthStore = [[HKHealthStore alloc] init];
HKBloodTypeObject *blood = [healthStore bloodTypeWithError:nil];
// Add blood type to user defaults
[defaults setObject:[blood bloodType] forKey:@"bloodType"];
[defaults synchronize];
...
鉴于私人数据往往被错误处理，私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。对于健康状况信息而言，要求各个组织应遵守下列一项或若干项联邦和州的规定：
- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [2]
- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [3]
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [4]
- California SB-1386 [5]
尽管制定了这些规范，Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[2] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[3] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[4] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[5] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.objc.privacy_violation_health_information
Abstract
该函数错误地处理了健康状况信息。此程序会危及到用户的个人隐私。
Explanation
以下情况下可能会泄露私人健康状况信息：
1. 用户的健康状况信息进入了程序。
2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质，例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1：以下代码会从 HealthKit 存储中检索用户的血型，将其发送到服务器并记录到设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置，但这不是绝对的，特别是涉及到隐私问题时。
注意：Apple Logging API 比
当设备丢失或被盗时，就会产生有关维护系统信息的其他方面的忧虑。攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备之后，即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。iOS 属性列表 (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问，可能会泄露个人信息。通常的做法是，不要将私人健康状况详细信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。
示例 2：以下代码向用户默认值列表中添加了用户的血型，并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。
鉴于私人数据往往被错误处理，私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。对于健康状况信息而言，要求各个组织应遵守下列一项或若干项联邦和州的规定：
- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [2]
- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [3]
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [4]
- California SB-1386 [5]
尽管制定了这些规范，Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
1. 用户的健康状况信息进入了程序。
2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质，例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1：以下代码会从 HealthKit 存储中检索用户的血型，将其发送到服务器并记录到设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置，但这不是绝对的，特别是涉及到隐私问题时。
...
let healthStore = HKHealthStore()
let blood = try healthStore.bloodType()
print(blood.bloodType)
let urlString : String = "http://myserver.com/?data=\(blood.bloodType)"
let url : NSURL = NSURL(string:urlString)
let request : NSURLRequest = NSURLRequest(URL:url)
var err : NSError?
var response : NSURLResponse?
var data : NSData = NSURLConnection.sendSynchronousRequest(request, returningResponse: &response, error:&err)
...
注意：Apple Logging API 比
NSLog 函数位于更底层的位置，开发者可借助前者创建能够读取设备上所有日志的应用程序，即便他们并不拥有其他应用程序。当设备丢失或被盗时，就会产生有关维护系统信息的其他方面的忧虑。攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备之后，即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。iOS 属性列表 (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问，可能会泄露个人信息。通常的做法是，不要将私人健康状况详细信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。
示例 2：以下代码向用户默认值列表中添加了用户的血型，并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。
...
let healthStore = HKHealthStore()
let blood = try healthStore.bloodType()
print(blood.bloodType)
// Add blood type to user defaults
defaults.setObject("BloodType" forKey:blood.bloodType)
defaults.synchronize()
...
鉴于私人数据往往被错误处理，私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。对于健康状况信息而言，要求各个组织应遵守下列一项或若干项联邦和州的规定：
- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [2]
- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [3]
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [4]
- California SB-1386 [5]
尽管制定了这些规范，Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[2] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[3] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[4] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[5] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.swift.privacy_violation_health_information