界: Security Features

软件安全不是安全软件。此处我们关注的主题包括身份验证、Access Control、机密性、加密和权限管理。

Privacy Violation: iOS Property List

Objective-C

Abstract

存储但未受保护的个人信息（例如，明文文件中的密码）会危害系统安全性。

Explanation

当用户私人信息存储在不受保护的位置时，将会面临 Privacy Violation 漏洞。
示例 1：下列 XML 将某个用户的私人信息存储在一个 plist 文件中。除存储的其他值外，MyCreditCard 键还会存储由用户提供的、与该帐户相关的纯文本信用卡卡号。



<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<dict>
  <key>password</key>
  <string>BASICSECRET</string>
  <key>credentials</key>
  <dict>
          <key>pin</key>
          <string>2345</string>
          <key>MyCreditCard</key>
          <string>1111 11 2321 1112</string>
          <key>MysSn</key>
          <string>1111-22-3333</string>
          <key>ssn</key>
          <string>2345-22-3345</string>
          <key>userid</key>
          <string>12345</string>
  </dict>
</dict>
</plist>

Example 1 中的代码会将移动设备中的私人信息存储在该设备上的一个不受支持的 plist 文件中。虽然许多开发人员认为 plist 文件是存储所有数据的安全位置，但这不是绝对的，特别是涉及到隐私问题时，因为 plist 文件可被持有该设备的任何人读取。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中：

- 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取。

- 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储器。

- 从合作伙伴或其他第三方间接获取。

- 从移动数据存储中检索，包括：通讯簿、拍摄的照片、地理位置、配置文件（包括 plist）、存档的 SMS 消息等。

有时，未贴上私人标签的数据在其他上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。例如，学生的学号通常不视为私人信息，因为学号中并没有明确且公开可用的信息来反映学生的个人信息。但是，如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号，那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看，您应该记录所有重要的操作，以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而，当其中牵涉到私人数据时，这种做法就存在额外风险了。

虽然不安全地处理私人数据有多种形式，但是常见的风险来自于盲目的信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境，因此认为可以将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表、plist 内部或其他本地控制的资源中。然而，尽管限制了对某些资源的访问权限，也仍无法保证所有可访问这些资源的个人都是可信赖的。例如，2004 年，一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

为能够妥善应对此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件，私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质，遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定：

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

这些规范业已存在，但侵犯隐私的情况仍时有发生。

References

[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register

[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission

[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce

[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission

[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services

[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California

[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press

[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359

[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200

[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200

[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200

[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200

[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-004062

[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation

[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1)

[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, IA-5 Authenticator Management

[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3)

[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage

[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M8 Security Misconfiguration

[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1

[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling

[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure

[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure

[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures

[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4

[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4

[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4

[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1

[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1

[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1

[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1

[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1

[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1

[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography

[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography

[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography

[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I

[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I

[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I

[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I

[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I

[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I

[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I

[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I

[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)

[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage

desc.config.objc.privacy_violation_ios_property_list