界: API Abuse
API 是调用方和被调用方之间的约定。最常见的 API 滥用是由于调用方未能遵守此约定的终止导致的。例如,如果某个程序在调用 chroot() 后未能调用 chdir(),则违反了用于指定如何安全地更改活动根目录的约定。库滥用的另一个典型示例是期望被调用方向调用方返回可信的 DNS 信息。在这种情况下,调用方通过对被调用方行为做出某种假设(返回值可用于身份验证目的)滥用其 API。另一方也可能违反调用方-被调用方约定。例如,如果编码器子类化 SecureRandom 并返回一个非随机值,则将违反此约定。
Struts 2 Bad Practices: Request Map Tampering
Abstract
Struts 2.x Action 实施类,使攻击者有机会通过将任意数据绑定到会话、应用程序或请求服务器端对象,修改应用程序的业务逻辑。
Explanation
Apache Struts 2.x 包含新的 Aware 接口,允许开发人员使用相关运行时信息,轻松将映射注入到其 Actions 代码中。这些接口包括:
另一方面,Struts 2.x 会自动通过 Action 中定义的 public accessors 将来自用户的请求数据绑定到 Action 的属性。由于 Aware 接口要求实现 Aware 接口中定义的 public setter,因此这一 setter 也将自动绑定到与 Aware 接口 setter 名称相匹配的任意请求参数,这可允许远程攻击者通过伪造的参数修改应用程序的运行时数据值,使其实现的接口受到影响,如
下面的 URL 将允许攻击者重写会话映射中的“roles”属性。这可能会使攻击者成为管理员。
当这些接口仅要求实现 setter accessors 时,如果同时也实现相应的 getter,则对这些映射集合的更改将在会话范围内持续,而不是仅影响当前的请求范围。
org.apache.struts2.interceptor.ApplicationtAware
、org.apache.struts2.interceptor.SessionAware
和 org.apache.struts2.interceptor.RequestAware
。为了将这些数据映射中的任意内容注入到其 Actions 代码中,开发人员需要实现接口中指定的 setter(例如:setSession
,适用于 SessionAware
接口):
public class VulnerableAction extends ActionSupport implements SessionAware {
protected Map<String, Object> session;
@Override
public void setSession(Map<String, Object> session) {
this.session = session;
}
另一方面,Struts 2.x 会自动通过 Action 中定义的 public accessors 将来自用户的请求数据绑定到 Action 的属性。由于 Aware 接口要求实现 Aware 接口中定义的 public setter,因此这一 setter 也将自动绑定到与 Aware 接口 setter 名称相匹配的任意请求参数,这可允许远程攻击者通过伪造的参数修改应用程序的运行时数据值,使其实现的接口受到影响,如
SessionAware
、RequestAware
、ApplicationAware
接口所示。下面的 URL 将允许攻击者重写会话映射中的“roles”属性。这可能会使攻击者成为管理员。
http://server/VulnerableAction?session.roles=admin
当这些接口仅要求实现 setter accessors 时,如果同时也实现相应的 getter,则对这些映射集合的更改将在会话范围内持续,而不是仅影响当前的请求范围。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 20
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001082, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-2 Application Partitioning (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-2 Separation of System and User Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API3 Broken Object Property Level Authorization
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M1 Weak Server Side Controls
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002150 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Process Validation (WASC-40)
desc.structural.java.struts2_bad_practices_request_map_tampering