界: Input Validation and Representation

輸入驗證和表示法問題是由中繼字元、替代編碼和數值表示法引起的。信任輸入會導致安全問題。問題包括:「Buffer Overflows」、「Cross-Site Scripting」攻擊、「SQL Injection」及其他許多問題。

Out-of-Bounds Read

Abstract
程式從分配的記憶體邊界之外讀取資料。
Explanation
Buffer overflow 可能是軟體安全性弱點最為人知的一種形式。大部分軟體開發人員都知道什麼是 Buffer overflow 弱點,但傳統和新開發的應用程式仍常遭到 Buffer overflow 攻擊。此問題的部份原因是,發生 Buffer overflow 的方式很多,部分原因是人們常常用不恰當的方式來防範 Buffer overflow。

在典型的 Buffer overflow 攻擊中,攻擊者會將資料傳送到程式,而程式會將其儲存在一個較小的堆疊緩衝區內。結果就是呼叫這個堆疊的資訊超出了它的邊界,其中包括函數的回傳指標。該資料設定了回傳指標的值,當函數回傳時,會將控制傳送到攻擊者資料所包含的惡意程式碼。

這類型的堆疊 Buffer overflow 在一些平台和開發社群中仍然很常見,但卻還有多種其他類型的 Buffer overflow,包括堆積 Buffer overflow 和差一錯誤 (off-by-one-error) 等等。有許多優秀的著作提供了關於堆疊 Buffer overflow 如何攻擊的具體資訊,包括 Building Secure Software[1]、Writing Secure Code[2]和 The Shellcoder's Handbook[3]。

在程式碼層級,會發生 Buffer overflow 弱點通常是因為程式設計師的假設被推翻。C 和 C++ 中的很多記憶體處理函數都沒有執行邊界值檢查,並會輕易地超出操作中緩衝區被配置的邊界值。甚至如 strncpy() 的範圍函數,使用不正確時也會引起弱點。大多數 Buffer overflow 弱點的根本原因,都是緩衝區的處理,加上對資料的大小或組成假設錯誤。

在此案例中,程式會從分配記憶體邊界以外進行讀取,此舉會允許敏感資訊的存取,導致運作方式異常或程式當機。

範例 1:在以下程式碼中,memcpy() 呼叫會從 cArray 的分配邊界之外讀取記憶體,其包含了 char 類型的 MAX 元素,而 iArray 則包含了 int 類型的 MAX 元素。


void MemFuncs() {
char array1[MAX];
int array2[MAX];
memcpy(array2, array1, sizeof(array2));
}
範例 2: 以下的簡短程式,在固定的位元長度內,呼叫 memchr(),使用不被信賴的指令行引數做為搜尋緩衝區,進行分析。


int main(int argc, char** argv) {
char* ret = memchr(argv[0], 'x', MAX_PATH);
printf("%s\n", ret);
}


程式可藉由搜尋固定位元長度以內的 argv[0] 資料,列印 argv[0] 的子字串。但是,(固定) 長度的位元可能會比配置給 argv[0] 的資料長,執行搜尋時,可能會超出配置給 argv[0] 的資料範圍。在 argv[0] 找不到 x 時,正是如上所述的情況。
References
[1] J. Viega, G. McGraw Building Secure Software Addison-Wesley
[2] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[3] J. Koziol et al. The Shellcoder's Handbook: Discovering and Exploiting Security Holes John Wiley & Sons
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 125, CWE ID 129, CWE ID 131, CWE ID 805
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [1] CWE ID 119, [3] CWE ID 020, [5] CWE ID 125
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [5] CWE ID 119, [3] CWE ID 020, [4] CWE ID 125
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [3] CWE ID 125, [4] CWE ID 020, [17] CWE ID 119
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020, [5] CWE ID 125, [19] CWE ID 119
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020, [7] CWE ID 125, [17] CWE ID 119
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [6] CWE ID 125, [12] CWE ID 020, [20] CWE ID 119
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754, CCI-002824
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1), SI-16 Memory Protection (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation, SI-16 Memory Protection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A5 Buffer Overflow
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.5
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 119
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 805, Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 129, Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 131
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 131
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3590.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3590.1 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3590.1 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3590.1 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3590.1 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3590.1 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3590.1 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
desc.internal.cpp.out_of_bounds_read