界: Environment
本節包括原始程式碼之外的所有內容，但對於建立中產品的安全性仍至關重要。由於此領域所涵蓋的問題與原始程式碼沒有直接關係，因此我們將其與其他領域分開。
PHP Misconfiguration: session_use_trans_sid Enabled
Abstract
若將 PHP 配置為透過 URL 傳送階段作業識別碼，將容易受到 session fixation 和 session hijacking 的攻擊。
Explanation
若啟用
透過 URL 傳送的參數比 POST 參數和 cookie 值較常看見，因為它們常出現於瀏覽器歷史記錄、書籤、記錄檔以及其他高度暴露的位置中。如果攻擊者了解系統中某一作用中階段作業的秘密識別碼，則他們可能將階段作業識別碼傳回到程式中，以劫持使用者的階段作業。
除了 session hijacking 外，在 URL 上暴露階段作業識別碼也會引發 session fixation 攻擊。在一般情況下，攻擊者會利用 Session Fixation 弱點，在 Web 應用程式中建立一個新的階段作業，並記錄關聯的階段作業識別碼。接著，攻擊者會讓受害者使用該階段作業識別碼驗證伺服器，這樣一來，會讓攻擊者透過使用中的階段作業取得存取使用者帳戶的權限。透過 URL 傳送階段作業識別碼可能會讓攻擊者攻擊大批的受害者，這種攻擊方式是藉由將受危害的階段作業識別碼的 URL 透過電子郵件發送給受害者，或另一種大規模的通訊機制來執行。
session.use_trans_sid，會使 PHP 透過 URL 傳送階段作業識別碼，這會使攻擊者更容易劫持目前的階段作業，或是欺騙使用者使用已受攻擊者控制的現有階段作業。 透過 URL 傳送的參數比 POST 參數和 cookie 值較常看見，因為它們常出現於瀏覽器歷史記錄、書籤、記錄檔以及其他高度暴露的位置中。如果攻擊者了解系統中某一作用中階段作業的秘密識別碼，則他們可能將階段作業識別碼傳回到程式中，以劫持使用者的階段作業。
除了 session hijacking 外，在 URL 上暴露階段作業識別碼也會引發 session fixation 攻擊。在一般情況下，攻擊者會利用 Session Fixation 弱點，在 Web 應用程式中建立一個新的階段作業，並記錄關聯的階段作業識別碼。接著，攻擊者會讓受害者使用該階段作業識別碼驗證伺服器，這樣一來，會讓攻擊者透過使用中的階段作業取得存取使用者帳戶的權限。透過 URL 傳送階段作業識別碼可能會讓攻擊者攻擊大批的受害者，這種攻擊方式是藉由將受危害的階段作業識別碼的 URL 透過電子郵件發送給受害者，或另一種大規模的通訊機制來執行。
References
[1] M. Achour et al. PHP Manual
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 384
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001664, CCI-001941, CCI-001942
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-2 Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users) (P1), SC-23 Session Authenticity (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-2 Identification and Authentication (Organizational Users), SC-23 Session Authenticity
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API8 Security Misconfiguration
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 3.2.1 Session Binding Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 3.2.3 Session Binding Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 3.3.1 Session Logout and Timeout Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M9 Improper Session Handling
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A3 Broken Authentication and Session Management
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A7 Broken Authentication and Session Management
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A3 Broken Authentication and Session Management
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A2 Broken Authentication and Session Management
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A2 Broken Authentication
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.3
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.10
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.10
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.10
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.10
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3405 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3405 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3405 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3405 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3405 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3405 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3405 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001620 CAT II, APSC-DV-001630 CAT II, APSC-DV-002270 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.php.php_misconfiguration_session_use_trans_sid