27 个项目已找到
弱点
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用依赖于整数的语句构建和执行 SQL 查询,因此不易受到 SQL injection 漏洞攻击。该 SQL 查询指令可以搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


DATA: id TYPE i.
...
id = request->get_form_field( 'invoiceID' ).

CONCATENATE `INVOICEID = '` id `'` INTO cl_where.
SELECT *
FROM invoices
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab_invoices
WHERE (cl_where).
ENDSELECT.
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 ID 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.abap.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var id:int = int(Number(params["invoiceID"]));
var query:String = "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = :id";

stmt.sqlConnection = conn;
stmt.text = query;
stmt.parameters[":id"] = id;
stmt.execute();
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.actionscript.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的访问控制,执行一个可能包含用户提供主键的 SOQL/SOSL 语句会允许攻击者查看未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SOQL/SOSL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:在以下代码示例中,inputID 值来源于预定义列表,绑定变量有助于避免 SOQL/SOSL injection。


...
result = [SELECT Name, Phone FROM Contact WHERE (IsDeleted = false AND Id=:inputID)];
...


前一示例的问题是,使用预定义的 ID 列表不足以阻止用户修改 inputID 的值。如果攻击者能够绕过该接口并使用不同值发送请求,他将可以访问其他联系人信息。由于此例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户有权访问请求的联系人,所以代码会显示所有联系人,即使该用户无权查看。
References
[1] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Secure Coding Guidelines - Authorization and Access Control
[2] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Testing CRUD and FLS Enforcement
[3] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Enforcing CRUD and FLS
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[8] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[9] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.apex.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 LINQ 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。

2. 这个数据用来指定 LINQ 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码执行 LINQ 查询,该查询可以搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...

int16 id = System.Convert.ToInt16(invoiceID.Text);
var invoice = OrderSystem.getInvoices()
.Where(new Invoice { invoiceID = id });
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.dotnet.access_control_linq
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
CMyRecordset rs(&dbms);
rs.PrepareSQL("SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = ?");
rs.SetParam_int(0,atoi(r.Lookup("invoiceID").c_str()));
rs.SafeExecuteSQL();
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.cpp.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
例 1:以下代码用到一个参数化指令,这个指令转义了元字符,以防止 SQL injection 漏洞,并构建和执行一个 SQL 查询。该 SQL 查询指令可以搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
ACCEPT ID.
EXEC SQL
DECLARE C1 CURSOR FOR
SELECT INVNO, INVDATE, INVTOTAL
FROM INVOICES
WHERE INVOICEID = :ID
END-EXEC.
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 ID 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.cobol.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的访问控制,执行包含用户控制的数据库名称的 deleteDatabase 方法可能会允许攻击者删除任何数据库。
Explanation
数据库 Access Control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信数据源进入程序。


2. 数据用来指定数据库名称的值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[5] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[31] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.dart.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 Access Control,就会执行一个包含用户控制的主键的 SQL 语句,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
数据库 Access Control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1.数据从一个不可信数据源进入程序。


2.数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码将使用参数化语句,该语句会转义元字符,以防止 SQL Injection 漏洞,并构建和执行一个 SQL 查询。该 SQL 查询可以搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单。您可以从与当前授权用户关联的所有清单中选择该标识符。


...
id := request.FormValue("invoiceID")
query := "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = ?";
rows, err := db.Query(query, id)
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[5] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[31] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.golang.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
id = Integer.decode(request.getParameter("invoiceID"));
String query = "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = ?";
PreparedStatement stmt = conn.prepareStatement(query);
stmt.setInt(1, id);
ResultSet results = stmt.execute();
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。

有些人认为在移动世界中,典型的 Web 应用程序漏洞(如 Database access control 错误)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 2:以下代码会调整Example 1 以适应 Android 平台。


...
String id = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("invoiceID");
String query = "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = ?";
SQLiteDatabase db = this.openOrCreateDatabase("DB", MODE_PRIVATE, null);
Cursor c = db.rawQuery(query, new Object[]{id});
...


许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.java.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
var id = document.form.invoiceID.value;
var query = "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = ?";
db.transaction(function (tx) {
tx.executeSql(query,[id]);
}
)
...



问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.javascript.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,标识方法就会执行一个包含受攻击者控制的主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不受信任的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL injection 漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...

NSManagedObjectContext *context = [appDelegate managedObjectContext];
NSEntityDescription *entityDesc = [NSEntityDescription entityForName:@"Invoices" inManagedObjectContext:context];
NSFetchRequest *request = [[NSFetchRequest alloc] init];
[request setEntity:entityDesc];
NSPredicate *pred = [NSPredicate predicateWithFormat:@"(id = %@)", invoiceId.text];
[request setPredicate:pred];

NSManagedObject *matches = nil;
NSError *error;
NSArray *objects = [context executeFetchRequest:request error:&error];

if ([objects count] == 0) {
status.text = @"No records found.";
} else {
matches = [objects objectAtIndex:0];
invoiceReferenceNumber.text = [matches valueForKey:@"invRefNum"];
orderNumber.text = [matches valueForKey:@"orderNumber"];
status.text = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d records found", [objects count]];
}
[request release];
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.objc.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
例 1:以下代码用到一个参数化指令,这个指令转义了元字符,以防止 SQL injection 漏洞,并构建和执行一个 SQL 查询。该 SQL 查询指令可以搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
$id = $_POST['id'];
$query = "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = ?";
$stmt = $mysqli->prepare($query);
$stmt->bind_param('ss',$id);
$stmt->execute();
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。

许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.php.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。

2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


procedure get_item (
itm_cv IN OUT ItmCurTyp,
id in varchar2)
is
open itm_cv for ' SELECT * FROM items WHERE ' ||
'invoiceID = :invid' ||
using id;
end get_item;


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.sql.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
id = request.POST['id']
c = db.cursor()
stmt = c.execute("SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = %s", (id,))
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.python.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
id = req['invoiceID'].respond_to(:to_int)
query = "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id=?"
stmt = conn.prepare(query)
stmt.execute(id)
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.ruby.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的访问控制权,就会执行一个包含用户控制的主键的 SQL 语句,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
数据库访问控制错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1: 以下代码将使用参数化语句,该语句会转义元字符,以防止 SQL Injection 漏洞,并构建和执行一个 SQL 查询。该 SQL 查询可以搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单。 您可以从与当前授权用户关联的所有清单中选择该标识符。


def searchInvoice(value:String) = Action.async { implicit request =>
val result: Future[Seq[Invoice]] = db.run {
sql"select * from invoices where id=$value".as[Invoice]
}
...
}


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.scala.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,标识方法就会执行一个包含受攻击者控制的主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不受信任的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL injection 漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
let fetchRequest = NSFetchRequest()
let entity = NSEntityDescription.entityForName("Invoices", inManagedObjectContext: managedContext)
fetchRequest.entity = entity
let pred : NSPredicate = NSPredicate(format:"(id = %@)", invoiceId.text)
fetchRequest.setPredicate = pred
do {
let results = try managedContext.executeFetchRequest(fetchRequest)
let result : NSManagedObject = results.first!
invoiceReferenceNumber.text = result.valueForKey("invRefNum")
orderNumber.text = result.valueForKey("orderNumber")
status.text = "\(results.count) records found"
} catch let error as NSError {
print("Error \(error)")
}
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.swift.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 SQL 指令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
Database access control 错误在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 SQL 查询中主键的值。
示例 1:以下代码使用可转义元字符并防止出现 SQL 注入漏洞的参数化语句,以构建和执行用于搜索与指定标识符 [1] 相匹配的清单的 SQL 查询。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
id = Request.Form("invoiceID")
strSQL = "SELECT * FROM invoices WHERE id = ?"
objADOCommand.CommandText = strSQL
objADOCommand.CommandType = adCmdText
set objADOParameter = objADOCommand.CreateParameter("id" , adString, adParamInput, 0, 0)
objADOCommand.Parameters("id") = id
...



问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 id 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] S. J. Friedl SQL Injection Attacks by Example
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 566
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), AC-23 Data Mining Protection (P0), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, AC-23 Data Mining Protection, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3), 13.4.2 GraphQL and other Web Service Data Layer Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-AUTH-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[32] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 863
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000450 CAT II, APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[57] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.vb.access_control_database
Abstract
如果没有适当的 access control,就会执行一个包含用户控制主键的 EXEC DLI 命令,从而允许攻击者访问未经授权的记录。
Explanation
DLI access control 错误在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入程序。


2. 这个数据用来指定 EXEC DLI 命令中主键的值。
例 1:以下代码用到一个参数化指令,这个指令会转义元字符,以防止 injection 漏洞,并构建和执行一个 EXEC DLI 命令。该 EXEC DLI 命令可以检索与指定标识符相匹配的清单。您可以从与当前被授权用户有关的所有清单中选择这些标识符。


...
ACCEPT ID.
EXEC DLI
GU
SEGMENT(INVOICES)
WHERE (INVOICEID = ID)
END-EXEC.
...


问题在于开发者没有考虑到所有可能出现的 ID 值。虽然界面生成了属于当前用户的清单标识符列表,但是攻击者可以绕过这个界面,从而获取所需的任何清单。由于此示例中的代码没有执行检查以确保用户具有访问所请求清单的权限,因此它会显示任何清单,即使此清单不属于当前用户。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 639
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[5] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.cobol.access_control_dli
Abstract
允许用户输入控制 MQ 对象描述符的字段,可以让攻击者有机会访问或修改原本受保护的 MQ 资源。
Explanation
如果攻击者能够提供被应用程序用于确定在打开 MQ 对象时执行哪种类型授权检查的值,他们在尝试打开原本无法访问的对象时有可能通过所有 access control 检查。

示例 1:以下 COBOL 代码片段从终端中读取值,并使用它们来控制 MQ 对象描述符的 MQOD-ALTERNATEUSERIDMQOD-ALTERNATESECURITYID 字段。


...
10 MQOD.
** Alternate user identifier
15 MQOD-ALTERNATEUSERID PIC X(12).
** Alternate security identifier
15 MQOD-ALTERNATESECURITYID PIC X(40).
...
...
ACCEPT MQOD-ALTERNATEUSERID.
ACCEPT MQOD-ALTERNATESECURITYID.
CALL 'MQOPEN' USING HCONN, MQOD, OPTS, HOBJ, COMPOCODE REASON.
...


在此示例中,攻击者可以提供使其能够在打开的 MQ 对象上通过 access control 检查的值。

总之,应禁止使用用户提供的数据或通过其他途径获取不可信任的数据,以防止攻击者控制某些敏感的数值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 639
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [24] CWE ID 863
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [18] CWE ID 863
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000213, CCI-001084, CCI-002165
[5] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AC
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-3 Access Enforcement (P1), CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SC-3 Security Function Isolation (P1)
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-3 Access Enforcement, CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SC-3 Security Function Isolation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 4.1.2 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.3 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.1.5 General Access Control Design (L1 L2 L3), 4.2.1 Operation Level Access Control (L1 L2 L3)
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M5 Poor Authorization and Authentication
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M3 Insecure Authentication/Authorization
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A2 Broken Access Control
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.5.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3480.1 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3480.1 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3480.1 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3480.1 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3480.1 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3480.1 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3480.1 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000460 CAT I, APSC-DV-000470 CAT II, APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-002360 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authorization (WASC-02)
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authorization
desc.dataflow.cobol.access_control_mq
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段来自系统实用程序的代码根据注册表项 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行初始化脚本。


...
CALL FUNCTION 'REGISTRY_GET'
EXPORTING
KEY = 'APPHOME'
IMPORTING
VALUE = home.

CONCATENATE home INITCMD INTO cmd.
CALL 'SYSTEM' ID 'COMMAND' FIELD cmd ID 'TAB' FIELD TABL[].
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改注册表项 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从注册表中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制注册表项 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
btype = request->get_form_field( 'backuptype' )
CONCATENATE `/K 'c:\\util\\rmanDB.bat ` btype `&&c:\\util\\cleanup.bat'` INTO cmd.

CALL FUNCTION 'SXPG_COMMAND_EXECUTE_LONG'
EXPORTING
commandname = cmd_exe
long_params = cmd_string
EXCEPTIONS
no_permission = 1
command_not_found = 2
parameters_too_long = 3
security_risk = 4
OTHERS = 5.
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对读取自用户的 backuptype参数进行任何验证。通常情况下 SXPG_COMMAND_EXECUTE_LONG 函数模块不会执行多条命令,但在这种情况下,程序会首先运行 cmd.exe shell,从而可以通过调用一次 CALL 'SYSTEM' 来执行多条命令。在调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
MOVE 'make' to cmd.
CALL 'SYSTEM' ID 'COMMAND' FIELD cmd ID 'TAB' FIELD TABL[].
...


这里的问题在于程序没有在它的构造中指定一个绝对路径,并且没能在执行 CALL 'SYSTEM' 调用前清除它的环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] SAP OSS notes 677435, 686765, 866732, 854060, 1336776, 1520462, 1530983 and related notes.
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[8] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[9] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.abap.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段代码根据配置文件的输入来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行初始化脚本。


...
var fs:FileStream = new FileStream();
fs.open(new File(String(configStream.readObject())+".txt"), FileMode.READ);
home = String(fs.readObject(home));
var cmd:String = home + INITCMD;
fscommand("exec", cmd);
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改配置文件 configStream 的内容以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从该文件读取的值,因此如果攻击者可以控制这些值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var btype:String = String(params["backuptype"]);
var cmd:String = "cmd.exe /K \"c:\\util\\rmanDB.bat " + btype + "&&c:\\util\\cleanup.bat\"";
fscommand("exec", cmd);
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对读取自用户的 backuptype参数进行任何验证。通常情况下 fscommand() 函数不会执行多条命令,但在这种情况下,程序会首先运行 cmd.exe shell,从而可以通过调用一次 fscommnd() 来执行多条命令。在调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
fscommand("exec", "make");
...


这里的问题在于程序没有在它的构造中指定一个绝对路径,并且没能在执行 fscommand() 调用前清除它的环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.actionscript.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段来自系统实用程序的代码根据系统属性 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行一个初始化脚本。


...
string val = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("APPHOME");
string cmd = val + INITCMD;
ProcessStartInfo startInfo = new ProcessStartInfo(cmd);
Process.Start(startInfo);
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
string btype = BackupTypeField.Text;
string cmd = "cmd.exe /K \"c:\\util\\rmanDB.bat"
+ btype + "&&c:\\util\\cleanup.bat\""));
Process.Start(cmd);
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对 BackupTypeField进行任何验证。通常情况下 Process.Start() 函数不会执行多条命令,但在这种情况下,程序会首先运行 cmd.exe shell,从而可以通过调用一次 Process.Start() 来执行多条命令。在调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:以下代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,该应用程序可以使用户访问一个界面以更新其在系统中的密码。在此网络环境中更新密码时,其中一个步骤就是运行 update.exe 命令,如下所示:


...
Process.Start("update.exe");
...


这里的问题在于,程序没有指定一个绝对的路径,并且在执行 Process.start() 调用之前未清除其环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 update.exe 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 update.exe,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.dotnet.command_injection
Abstract
执行包含无效用户输入的命令,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行操作。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,既攻击者显式地控制了所执行的命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。


2. 数据是字符串的一部分,应用程序将该字符串作为命令加以执行。


3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:以下这个简单的程序将文件名作为命令行参数加以接受,并将文件的内容回显给用户。该程序是按照 setuid root 安装的,因为其最初的用途是一种学习工具,以便让那些仍在正在接受培训的系统管理员查看特权系统文件,而不授予其篡改权限或损坏系统的权力。


int main(char* argc, char** argv) {
char cmd[CMD_MAX] = "/usr/bin/cat ";
strcat(cmd, argv[1]);
system(cmd);
}


因为程序是利用 root 权限运行的,所以也会以 root 权限来调用 system()。如果用户指定了标准的文件名,那么调用就可按照您期望的方式进行。然而,如果攻击者传递了一个 ";rm -rf /" 形式的字符串,由于缺少参数,对 system() 的调用无法成功地执行 cat,然后程序会逐层删除根分区中的内容。

示例 2:以下代码来自于一个特权程序,该程序使用环境变量 $APPHOME 来确定应用程序的安装目录,然后在该目录中执行一个初始化脚本。


...
char* home=getenv("APPHOME");
char* cmd=(char*)malloc(strlen(home)+strlen(INITCMD));
if (cmd) {
strcpy(cmd,home);
strcat(cmd,INITCMD);
execl(cmd, NULL);
}
...


Example 1 中所示,该示例中的代码允许攻击者使用更高的应用程序权限来执行任意命令。在此示例中,攻击者可以篡改环境变量 $APPHOME 以指定包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此攻击者可通过控制该环境变量来诱骗应用程序去运行恶意代码。

因为攻击者使用环境变量来控制程序调用的命令,所以在本例中,环境的影响是不言而喻的。现在,我们转移一下注意力,看看如果攻击者能够改变命令的解析方式,会发生什么情况。

示例 3:以下代码来自一个基于 Web 的 CGI 实用程序,用户可以利用此实用程序修改其密码。通过 NIS 执行的密码更新过程包括在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make。请注意,由于程序更新了密码记录,因此它已按照 setuid root 安装。

程序会调用 make,如下所示:


system("cd /var/yp && make &> /dev/null");


与上一个示例不同,因为本例中的命令采用硬编码形式,所以攻击者不能控制传输到 system() 的参数。但是,因为程序没有指定 make 的绝对路径,而且没有在调用命令之前清除任何环境变量,所以攻击者就能够篡改它们的 $PATH 变量,以便指向一个名为 make 的恶意二进制代码,并在 shell 提示符中执行 CGI 脚本。而且,因为程序已按照 setuid root 安装,所以攻击者的 make 目前会在 root 的权限下执行。

在 Windows 中,还存在其他风险。

示例 4:直接或通过调用 _spawn() 家族中的某项函数调用 CreateProcess() 时,如果可执行文件或路径中存在空格,必须谨慎操作。


...
LPTSTR cmdLine = _tcsdup(TEXT("C:\\Program Files\\MyApplication -L -S"));
CreateProcess(NULL, cmdLine, ...);
...
CreateProcess() 解析空格时,操作系统尝试执行的第一个可执行文件将是 Program.exe,而不是 MyApplication.exe。因此,如果攻击者能够在系统上安装名称为 Program.exe 的恶意应用程序,任何使用 Program Files 目录错误调用 CreateProcess() 的程序将运行此恶意应用程序,而非原本期望的应用程序。

环境在程序的系统命令执行中扮演了一个十分重要的角色。由于诸如 system()exec()CreateProcess() 之类的函数利用调用这些函数的程序的环境,因此攻击者有可能影响这些调用行为。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.cpp.command_injection
Abstract
在不指定绝对路径的情况下执行命令,使攻击者能够通过更改 $PATH 或程序执行环境的其他方面使用该程序执行恶意二进制代码。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制命令。

- 攻击者能够控制程序的参数。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第二种情形,即攻击者能够通过篡改一个环境变量或预先在搜索路径中输入可执行的恶意内容,进而更改命令所代表的原始含义。这种形式的 Command Injection 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1.攻击者修改应用程序的环境。

2.应用程序在不指定绝对路径或验证正在执行二进制代码的情况下执行命令。



3.通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:此示例演示了攻击者更改命令解释方式时将会发生什么。以下代码来自一个基于 Web 的 CGI 实用程序,用户可以利用此实用程序更改其密码。通过 NIS 执行的密码更新过程包括在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make。请注意,由于程序更新了密码记录,因此它已按照 setuid root 安装。

程序会调用 make,如下所示:


MOVE "cd /var/yp && make &> /dev/null" to command-line
CALL "CBL_EXEC_RUN_UNIT" USING command-line
length of command-line
run-unit-id
stack-size
flags


此示例中的命令采用硬编码,因此攻击者无法控制传递到 CBL_EXEC_RUN_UNIT 的参数。然而,由于程序无法指定 make 的绝对路径,并且无法在调用命令之前擦除其环境变量,攻击者能够修改其 $PATH 变量以指向名为 make 的恶意二进制代码并通过 Shell 提示符执行 CGI 脚本。此外,由于程序已安装 setuid root,因此攻击者版本的 make 现在以 root 权限运行。

示例 2:以下代码使用环境变量确定包含要通过 pdfprint 命令打印的文件的临时目录。


DISPLAY "TEMP" UPON ENVIRONMENT-NAME
ACCEPT ws-temp-dir FROM ENVIRONMENT-VARIABLE
STRING "pdfprint " DELIMITED SIZE
ws-temp-dir DELIMITED SPACE
"/" DELIMITED SIZE
ws-pdf-filename DELIMITED SPACE
x"00" DELIMITED SIZE
INTO cmd-buffer
CALL "SYSTEM" USING cmd-buffer


与之前的示例类似,该命令采用硬编码。然而由于程序无法指定 pdfprint 的绝对路径,因此攻击者能够修改其指向恶意二进制代码的 $PATH 变量。此外,尽管 DELIMITED SPACE 短语能够阻止 ws-temp-dirws-pdf-filename 中的嵌入空间,仍然可能有 Shell 元字符(例如 &&)嵌入在这两者之一。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.semantic.cobol.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:攻击者可以利用下列代码通过 cmd 请求参数指定任意指令。


...
<cfset var="#url.cmd#">
<cfexecute name = "C:\windows\System32\cmd.exe"
arguments = "/c #var#"
timeout = "1"
variable="mycmd">
</cfexecute>
...
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.cfml.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者控制所执行命令的可能性。这种形式的 Command Injection 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1.数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2.数据作为代表应用程序所执行命令的一个字符串或部分字符串使用。

3.通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:系统实用程序中的以下代码使用系统属性 APPHOME 来确定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行初始化脚本。


...
final cmd = String.fromEnvironment('APPHOME');
await Process.run(cmd);
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.dart.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者控制命令的可能性。这种形式的 Command Injection 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1.数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。


2.数据作为代表应用程序所执行命令的一个字符串或部分字符串使用。

3.通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:以下代码会运行用户控制的命令。


cmdName := request.FormValue("Command")
c := exec.Command(cmdName)
c.Run()
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.golang.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段来自系统实用程序的代码根据系统属性 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行一个初始化脚本。


...
String home = System.getProperty("APPHOME");
String cmd = home + INITCMD;
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
String btype = request.getParameter("backuptype");
String cmd = new String("cmd.exe /K
\"c:\\util\\rmanDB.bat "+btype+"&&c:\\util\\cleanup.bat\"")
System.Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd);
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对读取自用户的 backuptype参数进行任何验证。通常情况下 Runtime.exec() 函数不会执行多条命令,但在这种情况下,程序会首先运行 cmd.exe shell,从而可以通过调用一次 Runtime.exec() 来执行多条命令。在调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
System.Runtime.getRuntime().exec("make");
...


这里的问题在于程序没有在它的构造中指定一个绝对路径,并且没能在执行 Runtime.exec() 调用前清除它的环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。

有些人认为在移动世界中,典型的漏洞(如 Command Injection)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

例 4:以下代码可从 Android Intent 中读取要执行的命令。


...
String[] cmds = this.getIntent().getStringArrayExtra("commands");
Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec("su");
DataOutputStream os = new DataOutputStream(p.getOutputStream());
for (String cmd : cmds) {
os.writeBytes(cmd+"\n");
}
os.writeBytes("exit\n");
os.flush();
...


在经过 root 的设备上,恶意应用程序会强迫受攻击应用程序使用超级用户权限执行任意命令。
References
[1] IDS07-J. Sanitize untrusted data passed to the Runtime.exec() method CERT
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[8] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[9] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.java.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。


2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:以下来自系统实用程序的代码根据环境变量 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径来执行初始化脚本。


var cp = require('child_process');
...
var home = process.env('APPHOME');
var cmd = home + INITCMD;
child = cp.exec(cmd, function(error, stdout, stderr){
...
});
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

示例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


var cp = require('child_process');
var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');

function listener(request, response){
var btype = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['backuptype'];
if (btype !== undefined){
cmd = "c:\\util\\rmanDB.bat" + btype;
cp.exec(cmd, function(error, stdout, stderr){
...
});
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


这里的问题是:程序除了验证读取自用户的 backuptype参数是否存在之外,没有对其进行任何验证。在调用该 shell 之后,就可能允许执行多个命令,并且由于该应用程序的特性,该应用程序将会使用与数据库进行交互的必要权限来运行,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都会通过这些权限来运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
require('child_process').exec("make", function(error, stdout, stderr){
...
});
...


这里的问题在于,程序没有指定 make 的绝对路径,因此没能在执行 child_process.exec() 调用前清理其环境。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.javascript.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段来自系统实用程序的代码根据系统属性 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行一个初始化脚本。


...
$home = $_ENV['APPHOME'];
$cmd = $home . $INITCMD;
system(cmd);
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
$btype = $_GET['backuptype'];
$cmd = "cmd.exe /K \"c:\\util\\rmanDB.bat " . $btype . "&&c:\\util\\cleanup.bat\"";
system(cmd);
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对读取自用户的 backuptype参数进行任何验证。通常情况下 Runtime.exec() 函数不会执行多条命令,但在这种情况下,程序会首先运行 cmd.exe shell,从而可以通过调用一次 Runtime.exec() 来执行多条命令。在调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
$result = shell_exec("make");
...


这里的问题在于程序没有在它的构造中指定一个绝对路径,并且没能在执行 Runtime.exec() 调用前清除它的环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.php.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:以下代码定义了一个 T-SQL 存储过程,当使用不可信的数据调用该过程时,将执行攻击者控制的系统命令。


...
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.listFiles (@path NVARCHAR(200))
AS

DECLARE @cmd NVARCHAR(500)
SET @cmd = 'dir ' + @path

exec xp_cmdshell @cmd

GO
...
References
[1] xp_cmdshell
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[8] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[9] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.sql.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段来自系统实用程序的代码根据系统属性 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行一个初始化脚本。


...
home = os.getenv('APPHOME')
cmd = home.join(INITCMD)
os.system(cmd);
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
btype = req.field('backuptype')
cmd = "cmd.exe /K \"c:\\util\\rmanDB.bat " + btype + "&&c:\\util\\cleanup.bat\""
os.system(cmd);
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对读取自用户的 backuptype参数进行任何验证。通常情况下 Runtime.exec() 函数不会执行多条命令,但在这种情况下,程序会首先运行 cmd.exe shell,从而可以通过调用一次 Runtime.exec() 来执行多条命令。在调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
result = os.system("make");
...


这里的问题在于程序没有在它的构造中指定一个绝对路径,并且没能在执行 os.system() 调用前清除它的环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.python.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。


2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段来自系统实用程序的代码根据系统属性 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行一个初始化脚本。


...
home = ENV['APPHOME']
cmd = home + INITCMD
Process.spawn(cmd)
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
btype = req['backuptype']
cmd = "C:\\util\\rmanDB.bat #{btype} &&C:\\util\\cleanup.bat"
spawn(cmd)
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对读取自用户的 backuptype参数进行任何验证。在通过 Kernel.spawn 调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
system("make")
...


这里的问题在于程序没有在它的构造中指定一个绝对路径,并且没能在执行 Kernel.system() 调用前清除它的环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.ruby.command_injection
Abstract
执行包含无效用户输入的命令,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第二种情况,即攻击者有可能通过篡改一个环境变量或预先在搜索路径中输入可执行的恶意内容,进而更改命令所代表的原始含义。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1.攻击者篡改某一应用程序的环境。

2.应用程序在没有指明绝对路径,或者没有检验所执行的二进制代码的情况下就执行命令。

3.通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。


def changePassword(username: String, password: String) = Action { request =>
...
s'echo "${password}" | passwd ${username} --stdin'.!
...
}
References
[1] IDS07-J. Sanitize untrusted data passed to the Runtime.exec() method CERT
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[7] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[8] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[9] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.scala.command_injection
Abstract
执行不可信赖资源中的命令,或在不可信赖的环境中执行命令,都会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制所执行命令。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被用作代表应用程序所执行命令的字符串,或字符串的一部分。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

例 1:下面这段来自系统实用程序的代码根据系统属性 APPHOME 来决定其安装目录,然后根据指定目录的相对路径执行一个初始化脚本。


...
Dim cmd
Dim home

home = Environ$("AppHome")
cmd = home & initCmd
Shell cmd, vbNormalFocus
...
Example 1 中的代码可以使攻击者通过修改系统属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 INITCMD 的其他路径来提高自己在应用程序中的权限,继而随心所欲地执行命令。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下面的代码来自一个管理 Web 应用程序,旨在使用户能够使用一个围绕 rman 实用程序的批处理文件封装器来启动 Oracle 数据库备份,然后运行一个 cleanup.bat 脚本来删除一些临时文件。脚本 rmanDB.bat 接受单个命令行参数,该参数指定了要执行的备份类型。由于访问数据库受限,所以应用程序执行备份需要具有较高权限的用户。


...
btype = Request.Form("backuptype")
cmd = "cmd.exe /K " & Chr(34) & "c:\util\rmanDB.bat " & btype & "&&c:\util\cleanup.bat" & Chr(34) & ";
Shell cmd, vbNormalFocus
...


这里的问题是:程序没有对读取自用户的 backuptype参数进行任何验证。在调用该 shell 之后,它即会允许执行用两个与号分隔的多条命令。如果攻击者传递了一个形式为 "&& del c:\\dbms\\*.*" 的字符串,那么应用程序将随程序指定的其他命令一起执行此命令。由于该应用程序的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备与数据库进行交互所需的权限,这就意味着攻击者注入的任何命令都将通过这些权限得以运行。

示例 3:下面的代码来自一个 Web 应用程序,用户可通过该应用程序提供的界面在系统上更新他们的密码。在某些网络环境中更新密码时,其中的一个步骤就是在 /var/yp 目录中运行 make 命令。


...
$result = shell_exec("make");
...


这里的问题在于程序没有在它的构造中指定一个绝对路径,并且没能在执行 Runtime.exec() 调用前清除它的环境变量。如果攻击者能够修改 $PATH 变量,把它指向名为 make 恶意二进制代码,程序就会在其指定的环境下执行,然后加载该恶意二进制代码,而非原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,运行该应用程序需要具备执行系统操作所需的权限,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 make,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 77, CWE ID 78
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [11] CWE ID 078
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [10] CWE ID 078
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [5] CWE ID 078, [25] CWE ID 077
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [7] CWE ID 078, [13] CWE ID 077
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3, Rule 21.21
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 21.2.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.3 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.5 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.2.8 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.8 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.5 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A6 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 078
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002510 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 OS Commanding (WASC-31)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 OS Commanding
desc.dataflow.vb.command_injection
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:下面的 ABAP 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
DATA: BEGIN OF itab_employees,
eid TYPE employees-itm,
name TYPE employees-name,
END OF itab_employees,
itab LIKE TABLE OF itab_employees.
...
itab_employees-eid = '...'.
APPEND itab_employees TO itab.

SELECT *
FROM employees
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab_employees
FOR ALL ENTRIES IN itab
WHERE eid = itab-eid.
ENDSELECT.
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee Name: ').
response->append_cdata( itab_employees-name ).
...


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

例 2:下面的 ABAP 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


...
eid = request->get_form_field( 'eid' ).
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee ID: ').
response->append_cdata( eid ).
...


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] SAP OSS notes 1582870, 1582867 and related notes for ABAP XSS support
[2] SAP OSS Notes 822881, 1600317, 1640092, 1671470 and 1638779 for XSS support in BSPs
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[13] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.abap.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:以下 ActionScript 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


stmt.sqlConnection = conn;
stmt.text = "select * from emp where id="+eid;
stmt.execute();
var rs:SQLResult = stmt.getResult();
if (null != rs) {
var name:String = String(rs.data[0]);
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee Name: " + name;
}


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

例 2:以下 ActionScript 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var eid:String = String(params["eid"]);
...
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee ID: " + eid;
...


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.actionscript.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据可能导致执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent XSS,不可信赖的数据源大多数情况下为数据库查询的结果;而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。

2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

恶意内容通常为 JavaScript 代码片段,但也可以是 HTML、Flash 或其他任何可以被浏览器执行的活动内容。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 Apex 代码片段在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的联系人姓名,并返回相应的员工姓名,以便稍后通过 Visualforce 代码进行打印。


...
variable = Database.query('SELECT Name FROM Contact WHERE id = ID');
...

<div onclick="this.innerHTML='Hello {!variable}'">Click me!</div>


如果 name 的值定义明确(如仅包含字母数字字符),该代码就能正常运行,但不会执行与检查恶意数据有关的任何任务。即使从数据库中读取,也应对值进行适当的验证,因为数据库的内容可以源自用户提供的数据。这样,攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令,而无需像在 Reflected XSS 中那样与受害者进行交互。这种类型的攻击(称为 Stored XSS 或 Persistent)可能极难发现,因为数据被间接提供给易受攻击的函数;另外,由于这种攻击可能影响多个用户,因而会造成巨大的影响。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿的用户都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:以下 Visualforce 代码片段读取 HTTP 请求参数 username,并将其显示给用户。


<script>
document.write('{!$CurrentPage.parameters.username}')
</script>


此示例中的代码原本是仅接收字母数字文本并进行显示。但是,如果 username 包含元字符或源代码,则其将由 Web 浏览器执行。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。有两种 XSS 攻击途径:

- 如Example 1 中所示,数据库或其他数据存储可能会向应用程序提供危险数据,这些数据将包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,存储恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于可供所有用户(特别是具有较高权限的用户)访问的区域,因为这些用户更有可能处理敏感信息或执行重要操作。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。如果攻击者可以将危险内容发送给易受攻击的 Web 应用程序,随后将其反馈给用户并在用户浏览器中执行,则会发生 Reflected XSS。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布的或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种方式构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者可以借此诱骗受害者访问该 URL。站点将该内容反馈给用户后,便会执行这些内容,并可执行多项操作,例如转发私人敏感信息、在受害者计算机上执行未经授权的操作等。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Secure Coding Guidelines - Cross Site Scripting
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.apex.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 ASP.NET Web 表单可根据一个给定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并输出相应雇员姓名。

<script runat="server">
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;
</script>


其中,EmployeeName 为表单控件,定义如下:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeName" runat="server">
...
</form>
示例 2:下面的 ASP.NET 代码片段实现的功能与Example 1 等效,但会以编程方式实现所有表单元素。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeName;
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;


如果对 name 的值处理得当,这些代码示例就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 3:下面的 ASP.NET Web 表单会从 HTTP 请求中读取一个雇员 ID,并将其显示给用户。

<script runat="server">
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;
...
</script>


其中,LoginEmployeeID 为表单控件,定义如下:


<form runat="server">
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="Login"/>
...
<asp:Label runat="server" id="EmployeeID"/>
</form>
示例 4:下面的 ASP.NET 代码片段显示了如何以编程方式实现Example 3.的功能的方法。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox Login;
protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeID;
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;


Example 1Example 2 中所示,如果 Login 只包含标准字母数字文本,则这些示例将正常运行。如果 Login 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢? 真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者单击链接。当受害者单击该链接时,就会不知不觉地通过易受攻击的 Web 应用程序,使自己的电脑蒙受恶意内容带来的风险。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1Example 2 中所示,应用程序会将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 3Example 4 中所示,系统会从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。

许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 ASP.NET 请求验证和 WCF)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。对于 ASP.NET 请求验证,我们还会提供有关何时明确禁用此验证的证据。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。

2. 未检验包含在动态内容中的数据,便将其传送给了 Web 浏览器。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:下面的代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
EXEC SQL
SELECT NAME
INTO :ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ID = :EID
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(ENAME)
...
END-EXEC.
...


如果对 ENAME 的值处理得当,该示例中的代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 ENAME 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 ENAME 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Stored XSS,它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并且更可能使此攻击影响到多个用户。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

例 2:下面的代码片段可在一个 HTML 表单中读取雇员 ID,EID,并将其显示给用户。


...
EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(ID)
VALUE(EID)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(EID)
...
END-EXEC.
...


Example 1 中所示,如果 EID 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 EID 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。当攻击者有以下行为时,将会发生 Stored XSS 漏洞利用:

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTML 表单中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cobol.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:下面的 CFML 代码片段将根据一个给出的雇员 ID 从数据库中查询该雇员,并显示出该雇员的相应姓名。

 
<cfquery name="matchingEmployees" datasource="cfsnippets">
SELECT name
FROM Employees
WHERE eid = '#Form.eid#'
</cfquery>
<cfoutput>
Employee Name: #name#
</cfoutput>


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该示例中的代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

例 2:接下来的 CFML 代码片段将从一个 Web 表单中读取雇员 ID,eid,并将其显示给用户。


<cfoutput>
Employee ID: #Form.eid#
</cfoutput>


Example 1 中所示,如果 Form.eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 Form.eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] ColdFusion Developer Center: Security Macromedia
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cfml.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。

2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。


示例 1:以下 Go 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取用户名 user,并将其显示给用户。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
user := r.FormValue("user")
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", user)
}


如果 user 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 user 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:下面的 Go 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
...
row := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id =" + userid)
err := row.Scan(&name)
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", name)
}


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者便能在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并提高多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性。XSS 漏洞利用会在网站上为访问者提供一个“留言簿”,以此开始攻击。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中反馈数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储器中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.golang.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 JSP 代码片段可在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的雇员,并输出相应雇员姓名。


<%...
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id="+eid);
if (rs != null) {
rs.next();
String name = rs.getString("name");
}
%>

Employee Name: <%= name %>


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:以下 JSP 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


<% String eid = request.getParameter("eid"); %>
...
Employee ID: <%= eid %>


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

有些人认为在移动环境中,典型的 Web 应用程序漏洞(如 Cross-Site Scripting)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 3:以下代码在 Android WebView 中启用了 JavaScript(默认情况下,JavaScript 为禁用状态),并根据从 Android Intent 接收到的值加载页面。


...
WebView webview = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
webview.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
String url = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("url");
webview.loadUrl(url);
...


如果 url 的值以 javascript: 开头,则接下来的 JavaScript 代码将在 WebView 中的 Web 页面上下文内部执行。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 3 中所示,应用程序外部的源会将危险数据存储在数据库或其他数据存储中,随后这些危险数据会作为可信数据读回到应用程序并包含在动态内容中。

许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:下面的 Node.js 代码片段会根据给定的雇员 ID 查询数据库,并打印相应雇员的姓名。


var http = require('http');
...

function listener(request, response){
connection.query('SELECT * FROM emp WHERE eid="' + eid + '"', function(err, rows){
if (!err && rows.length > 0){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + rows[0].name + '!</p>');
}
...
});
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:以下 Node.js 代码片段会在 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');

...

function listener(request, response){
var eid = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['eid'];
if (eid !== undefined){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + eid + '!</p>');
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。
正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不受信任的源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:下面的代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并在 servlet 响应中输出相应的雇员姓名。


...
val stmt: Statement = conn.createStatement()
val rs: ResultSet = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id=$eid")
rs.next()
val name: String = rs.getString("name")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee Name: $name")
...
out.close()
...


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:下面的代码可在一个 HTTP servlet 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并在 servlet 响应中将值显示给该用户。


val eid: String = request.getParameter("eid")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee ID: $eid")
...
out.close()
...


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

有些人认为在移动环境中,典型的 Web 应用程序漏洞(如 Cross-Site Scripting)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 3:以下代码在 Android WebView 中启用了 JavaScript(默认情况下,JavaScript 为禁用状态),并根据从 Android Intent 接收到的值加载页面。


...
val webview = findViewById<View>(R.id.webview) as WebView
webview.settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
val url = this.intent.extras!!.getString("url")
webview.loadUrl(url)
...


如果 url 的值以 javascript: 开头,则接下来的 JavaScript 代码将在 WebView 中的 Web 页面上下文内部执行。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 3 中所示,应用程序外部的源会将危险数据存储在数据库或其他数据存储中,随后这些危险数据会作为可信数据读回到应用程序并包含在动态内容中。


许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 Struts 和 Spring MVC)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.kotlin.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
该方法向 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据,会导致导致浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入网页。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为用户组件、URL 方案处理程序或外部通知。


2. 未检验包含在动态内容中的数据,便将其传送给了 UIWebView 组件。


传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。



如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:下面的 Objective-C 代码片段会读取传递至并调用应用程序 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 的自定义 URL 方案的文本部分。然后,该 URL 中不受信赖的数据将用于呈现 UIWebView 组件中的 HTML 输出。


...
- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application handleOpenURL:(NSURL *)url {

UIWebView *webView;
NSString *partAfterSlashSlash = [[url host] stringByReplacingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
webView = [[UIWebView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0.0,0.0,360.0, 480.0)];
[webView loadHTMLString:partAfterSlashSlash baseURL:nil]

...


正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 内容中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,数据会直接从自定义 URL 方案中读取,并反馈回 UIWebView 响应的内容中。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 iOS 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。传递恶意内容的最常见机制是,将其作为参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的自定义方案 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 构成了多种“网络钓鱼”(phishing) 阴谋的核心,攻击者借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击应用程序的 URL。该应用程序将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.objc.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:下面的 PHP 代码片段可根据一个给定的雇员 ID 查询数据库,并显式出相应的雇员姓名。


<?php...
$con = mysql_connect($server,$user,$password);
...
$result = mysql_query("select * from emp where id="+eid);
$row = mysql_fetch_array($result)
echo 'Employee name: ', mysql_result($row,0,'name');
...
?>


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

例 2:下面的 PHP 代码片段可从一个 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


<?php
$eid = $_GET['eid'];
...
?>
...
<?php
echo "Employee ID: $eid";
?>


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.php.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下代码片段可在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的雇员,并输出相应雇员姓名。


...
SELECT ename INTO name FROM emp WHERE id = eid;
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee Name: ' || name || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:以下代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


...
-- Assume QUERY_STRING looks like EID=EmployeeID
eid := SUBSTR(OWA_UTIL.get_cgi_env('QUERY_STRING'), 5);
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee ID: ' || eid || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.sql.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:以下 Python 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


req = self.request() # fetch the request object
eid = req.field('eid',None) # tainted request message
...
self.writeln("Employee ID:" + eid)


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

例 2:以下 Python 代码片段可根据一个已知的雇员 ID 查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
cursor.execute("select * from emp where id="+eid)
row = cursor.fetchone()
self.writeln('Employee name: ' + row["emp"]')
...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。
例 1:下面的 Ruby 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
rs = conn.exec_params("select * from emp where id=?", eid)
...
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
rs.each do |row|
res.write("Employee name: #{escape(row['name'])}")
...
end
end
...


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

替代类型的 XSS 可能不是来自数据库,而是来自潜在用户输入的其他位置。传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 2:以下 Ruby 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


eid = req.params['eid'] #gets request parameter 'eid'
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
res.write("Employee ID: #{eid}")
end


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 仅包含标准的字母数字文本,则此示例中的代码将正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种利用易受攻击的 Web 应用程序的机制称为 Reflected XSS,但请注意,如果按Example 2 所示使用 Rack::Request#params(),则会看到 GETPOST 这两个参数,因此可能很容易受到各种类型的攻击,而不仅仅是将恶意代码附加到 URL 中。
正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.ruby.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 Play 控制器代码片段从数据库查询中读取雇员 ID(即 eid),并将其显示给用户。


def getEmployee = Action { implicit request =>

val employee = getEmployeeFromDB()
val eid = employee.id

if (employee == Null) {
val html = Html(s"Employee ID ${eid} not found")
Ok(html) as HTML
}
...
}
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.scala.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
该方法向 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据,会导致导致浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入网页。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为用户组件、URL 方案处理程序或外部通知。


2. 未检验包含在动态内容中的数据,便将其传送给了 UIWebView 组件。


传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。



如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:以下代码可读取 UITextField 的内容并在 WKWebView 内将其显示给用户:


...
let webView : WKWebView
let inputTextField : UITextField
webView.loadHTMLString(inputTextField.text, baseURL:nil)
...


如果 inputTextField 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 inputTextField 中的文本包括元字符或源代码,那么可以由 Web 浏览器在显示 HTTP 响应的过程中以代码方式执行输入。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己设备上运行的内容呢?真正的危险在于,攻击者可能会使用电子邮件或社交工程手段引诱受害者执行此类操作。此诡计得逞后,受害者会不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的设备中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 3:下面的 Swift 代码片段会读取传递至并调用应用程序 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 的自定义 URL 方案的文本部分。然后,该 URL 中不受信赖的数据将用于呈现 UIWebView 组件中的 HTML 输出。


...
func application(app: UIApplication, openURL url: NSURL, options: [String : AnyObject]) -> Bool {
...
let name = getQueryStringParameter(url.absoluteString, "name")
let html = "Hi \(name)"
let webView = UIWebView()
webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL:nil)
...
}
func getQueryStringParameter(url: String?, param: String) -> String? {
if let url = url, urlComponents = NSURLComponents(string: url), queryItems = (urlComponents.queryItems as? [NSURLQueryItem]) {
return queryItems.filter({ (item) in item.name == param }).first?.value!
}
return nil
}
...


正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 内容中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从用户可控的 UI 组件中直接读取数据,并反馈到 HTTP 响应中。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 3 中所示,目标应用程序外部的源使用目标应用程序的自定义 URL 方案发出 URL 请求,该 URL 请求中未经验证的数据随后作为可信数据读回应用程序并包含在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.swift.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储,而对于 Reflected XSS,该数据源通常为 Web 请求。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 ASP 代码片段可在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的雇员,并输出相应雇员姓名。


...
eid = Request("eid")
strSQL = "Select * from emp where id=" & eid
objADORecordSet.Open strSQL, strConnect, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic, adCmdText
while not objRec.EOF
Response.Write "Employee Name:" & objADORecordSet("name")
objADORecordSet.MoveNext
Wend
...


如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的盗取行为无能为力。这段代码暴露出的危险较小,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且显然这些内容是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

示例 2:以下 ASP 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


...
eid = Request("eid")
Response.Write "Employee ID:" & eid & "<br/>"
..


Example 1 中所示,如果 eid 只包含标准的字母数字文本,此代码将会正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 2 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.vb.cross_site_scripting_persistent
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:下面的 ABAP 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


...
eid = request->get_form_field( 'eid' ).
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee ID: ').
response->append_cdata( eid ).
...


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

例 2:下面的 ABAP 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
DATA: BEGIN OF itab_employees,
eid TYPE employees-itm,
name TYPE employees-name,
END OF itab_employees,
itab LIKE TABLE OF itab_employees.
...
itab_employees-eid = '...'.
APPEND itab_employees TO itab.

SELECT *
FROM employees
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE itab_employees
FOR ALL ENTRIES IN itab
WHERE eid = itab-eid.
ENDSELECT.
...
response->append_cdata( 'Employee Name: ').
response->append_cdata( itab_employees-name ).
...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] SAP OSS notes 1582870, 1582867 and related notes for ABAP XSS support
[2] SAP OSS Notes 822881, 1600317, 1640092, 1671470 and 1638779 for XSS support in BSPs
[3] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[4] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[13] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.abap.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:以下 ActionScript 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var eid:String = String(params["eid"]);
...
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee ID: " + eid;
...


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

例 2:以下 ActionScript 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


stmt.sqlConnection = conn;
stmt.text = "select * from emp where id="+eid;
stmt.execute();
var rs:SQLResult = stmt.getResult();
if (null != rs) {
var name:String = String(rs.data[0]);
var display:TextField = new TextField();
display.htmlText = "Employee Name: " + name;
}


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.actionscript.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据可能导致执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源大多数情况下为 Web 请求;而对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库查询的结果。

2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

恶意内容通常为 JavaScript 代码片段,但也可以是 HTML、Flash 或其他任何可以被浏览器执行的活动内容。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。


示例 1:以下 Visualforce 代码片段读取 HTTP 请求参数 username,并将其显示给用户。


<script>
document.write('{!$CurrentPage.parameters.username}')
</script>


此示例中的代码原本是仅接收字母数字文本并进行显示。但是,如果 username 包含元字符或源代码,则其将由 Web 浏览器执行。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:以下 Apex 代码片段在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的联系人姓名,并返回相应的员工姓名,以便稍后通过 Visualforce 代码进行打印。


...
variable = Database.query('SELECT Name FROM Contact WHERE id = ID');
...

<div onclick="this.innerHTML='Hello {!variable}'">Click me!</div>


Example 1 中所示,如果 name 的值定义明确(如仅包含字母数字字符),该代码就能正常运行,但无法检查是否存在恶意数据。即使从数据库中读取,也应对该值进行适当的验证,因为数据库的内容可能源自用户提供的数据。这样,攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令,而无需像在 Reflected XSS 中那样与受害者进行交互。这种类型的攻击称为 Stored XSS 或 Persistent XSS,它可能极其隐蔽,因为数据会被间接提供给易受攻击的函数;另外,由于这种攻击可能影响多个用户,因而会造成巨大的影响。XSS 漏洞利用首先会在网站上为访问者提供一个“留言簿”。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。有两种 XSS 攻击途径:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。如果攻击者可以将危险内容发送给易受攻击的 Web 应用程序,随后将其反馈给用户并在用户浏览器中执行,则会发生 Reflected XSS。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布的或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种方式构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者可以借此诱骗受害者访问该 URL。站点将该内容反馈给用户后,便会执行这些内容,并可执行多项操作,例如转发私人敏感信息、在受害者计算机上执行未经授权的操作等。

- 如Example 2 中所示,数据库或其他数据存储可能会向应用程序提供危险数据,这些数据将包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,存储恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于可供所有用户(特别是具有较高权限的用户)访问的区域,因为这些用户更有可能处理敏感信息或执行重要操作。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Salesforce Developers Technical Library Secure Coding Guidelines - Cross Site Scripting
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.apex.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:下面的 ASP.NET Web 表单会从 HTTP 请求中读取一个雇员 ID,并将其显示给用户。

<script runat="server">
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;
...
</script>


其中,LoginEmployeeID 为表单控件,定义如下:


<form runat="server">
<asp:TextBox runat="server" id="Login"/>
...
<asp:Label runat="server" id="EmployeeID"/>
</form>
示例 2:下面的 ASP.NET 代码片段显示了如何以编程方式实现Example 1.的功能的方法。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox Login;
protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeID;
...
EmployeeID.Text = Login.Text;


如果 Login 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,上面两个示例中的代码就能正确运行。如果 Login 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢? 真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者单击链接。当受害者单击该链接时,就会不知不觉地通过易受攻击的 Web 应用程序,使自己的电脑蒙受恶意内容带来的风险。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 3:以下 ASP.NET Web 表单可根据一个给定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并输出相应雇员姓名。

<script runat="server">
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;
</script>


其中,EmployeeName 为表单控件,定义如下:


<form runat="server">
...
<asp:Label id="EmployeeName" runat="server">
...
</form>
示例 4:下面的 ASP.NET 代码片段实现的功能与Example 3 等效,但会以编程方式实现所有表单元素。

protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.Label EmployeeName;
...
string query = "select * from emp where id=" + eid;
sda = new SqlDataAdapter(query, conn);
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
sda.Fill(dt);
string name = dt.Rows[0]["Name"];
...
EmployeeName.Text = name;


Example 1Example 2 中所示,如果 name 的值正常,则这些代码示例可以正确运行,但如果这些值不正常,则这些代码示例将无法阻止漏洞利用。另外,这些代码示例可能会看起来不太危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而数据库的内容明显由应用程序管理。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1Example 2 中所示,系统会从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 3Example 4 中所示,应用程序会将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。

许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 ASP.NET 请求验证和 WCF)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。对于 ASP.NET 请求验证,我们还会提供有关何时明确禁用此验证的证据。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Anti-Cross Site Scripting Library MSDN
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。

2. 未检验包含在动态内容中的数据,便将其传送给了 Web 浏览器。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:下面的代码片段可在一个 HTML 表单中读取雇员 ID,EID,并将其显示给用户。


...
EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(ID)
VALUE(EID)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(EID)
...
END-EXEC.
...


如果 EID 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 EID 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

例 2:下面的代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
EXEC SQL
SELECT NAME
INTO :ENAME
FROM EMPLOYEE
WHERE ID = :EID
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB SEND
FROM(ENAME)
...
END-EXEC.
...


如同Example 1,如果对 ENAME 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 ENAME 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 ENAME 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Stored XSS,它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并且更可能使此攻击影响到多个用户。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTML 表单中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。当攻击者有以下行为时,将会发生 Stored XSS 漏洞利用:

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cobol.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:接下来的 CFML 代码片段将从一个 Web 表单中读取雇员 ID,eid,并将其显示给用户。


<cfoutput>
Employee ID: #Form.eid#
</cfoutput>


如果 Form.eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 Form.eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

例 2:下面的 CFML 代码片段将根据一个给出的雇员 ID 从数据库中查询该雇员,并显示出该雇员的相应姓名。

 
<cfquery name="matchingEmployees" datasource="cfsnippets">
SELECT name
FROM Employees
WHERE eid = '#Form.eid#'
</cfquery>
<cfoutput>
Employee Name: #name#
</cfoutput>


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] ColdFusion Developer Center: Security Macromedia
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.cfml.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。

2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。


示例 1:以下 Go 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取用户名 user,并将其显示给用户。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
user := r.FormValue("user")
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", user)
}


如果 user 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 user 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:下面的 Go 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。

func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
...
row := db.QueryRow("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id =" + userid)
err := row.Scan(&name)
...
fmt.Fprintln(w, "Username is: ", name)
}


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者便能在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并提高多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性。XSS 漏洞利用会在网站上为访问者提供一个“留言簿”,以此开始攻击。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中反馈数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储器中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.golang.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 JSP 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


<% String eid = request.getParameter("eid"); %>
...
Employee ID: <%= eid %>


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:以下 JSP 代码片段可在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的雇员,并输出相应雇员姓名。


<%...
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id="+eid);
if (rs != null) {
rs.next();
String name = rs.getString("name");
}
%>

Employee Name: <%= name %>


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

有些人认为在移动环境中,典型的 Web 应用程序漏洞(如 Cross-Site Scripting)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 3:以下代码在 Android WebView 中启用了 JavaScript(默认情况下,JavaScript 为禁用状态),并根据从 Android Intent 接收到的值加载页面。


...
WebView webview = (WebView) findViewById(R.id.webview);
webview.getSettings().setJavaScriptEnabled(true);
String url = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("url");
webview.loadUrl(url);
...


如果 url 的值以 javascript: 开头,则接下来的 JavaScript 代码将在 WebView 中的 Web 页面上下文内部执行。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 3 中所示,应用程序外部的源会将危险数据存储在数据库或其他数据存储中,随后这些危险数据会作为可信数据读回到应用程序并包含在动态内容中。

许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 Struts 和 Struts 2)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.java.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 Node.js 代码片段会在 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');

...

function listener(request, response){
var eid = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['eid'];
if (eid !== undefined){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + eid + '!</p>');
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:下面的 Node.js 代码片段会根据给定的雇员 ID 查询数据库,并打印相应雇员的姓名。


var http = require('http');
...

function listener(request, response){
connection.query('SELECT * FROM emp WHERE eid="' + eid + '"', function(err, rows){
if (!err && rows.length > 0){
response.write('<p>Welcome, ' + rows[0].name + '!</p>');
}
...
});
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.javascript.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:下面的代码可在一个 HTTP servlet 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并在 servlet 响应中将值显示给该用户。


val eid: String = request.getParameter("eid")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee ID: $eid")
...
out.close()
...


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:下面的代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并在 servlet 响应中输出相应的雇员姓名。


val stmt: Statement = conn.createStatement()
val rs: ResultSet = stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp where id=$eid")
rs.next()
val name: String = rs.getString("name")
...
val out: ServletOutputStream = response.getOutputStream()
out.print("Employee Name: $name")
...
out.close()
...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

有些人认为在移动环境中,典型的 Web 应用程序漏洞(如 Cross-Site Scripting)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 3:以下代码在 Android WebView 中启用了 JavaScript(默认情况下,JavaScript 为禁用状态),并根据从 Android Intent 接收到的值加载页面。


...
val webview = findViewById<View>(R.id.webview) as WebView
webview.settings.javaScriptEnabled = true
val url = this.intent.extras!!.getString("url")
webview.loadUrl(url)
...


如果 url 的值以 javascript: 开头,则接下来的 JavaScript 代码将在 WebView 中的 Web 页面上下文内部执行。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

- 如Example 3 中所示,应用程序外部的源会将危险数据存储在数据库或其他数据存储中,随后这些危险数据会作为可信数据读回到应用程序并包含在动态内容中。


许多现代 Web 框架都会提供对用户输入执行验证的机制(包括 Struts 和 Spring MVC)。为了突出显示未经验证的输入源,Fortify 安全编码规则包会对 Fortify Static Code Analyzer(Fortify 静态代码分析器)报告的问题动态重新调整优先级,即在采用框架验证机制时降低这些问题被利用的几率并提供指向相应证据的指针。我们将这种功能称之为上下文敏感排序。为了进一步帮助 Fortify 用户执行审计过程,Fortify 软件安全研究团队开发了 Data Validation(数据验证)项目模板,该模板根据应用于输入源的验证机制按文件夹对问题进行了分组。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.kotlin.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
该方法向 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据,会导致导致浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入网页。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为用户组件、URL 方案处理程序或通知,而对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2. 未检验包含在动态内容中的数据,便将其传送给了 UIWebView 组件。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。


示例 1:下面的 Objective-C 代码片段会读取传递至并调用应用程序 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 的自定义 URL 方案的文本部分。然后,该 URL 中不受信赖的数据将用于呈现 UIWebView 组件中的 HTML 输出。


- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application handleOpenURL:(NSURL *)url {

UIWebView *webView;
NSString *partAfterSlashSlash = [[url host] stringByReplacingPercentEscapesUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
webView = [[UIWebView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0.0,0.0,360.0, 480.0)];
[webView loadHTMLString:partAfterSlashSlash baseURL:nil]

...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 内容中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,数据会直接从自定义 URL 方案中读取,并反馈回 UIWebView 响应的内容中。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 iOS 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。传递恶意内容的最常见机制是,将其作为参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的自定义方案 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 构成了多种“网络钓鱼”(phishing) 阴谋的核心,攻击者借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击应用程序的 URL。该应用程序将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.objc.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:下面的 PHP 代码片段可从一个 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


<?php
$eid = $_GET['eid'];
...
?>
...
<?php
echo "Employee ID: $eid";
?>


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

例 2:下面的 PHP 代码片段可根据一个给定的雇员 ID 查询数据库,并显式出相应的雇员姓名。


<?php...
$con = mysql_connect($server,$user,$password);
...
$result = mysql_query("select * from emp where id="+eid);
$row = mysql_fetch_array($result)
echo 'Employee name: ', mysql_result($row,0,'name');
...
?>


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.php.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


...
-- Assume QUERY_STRING looks like EID=EmployeeID
eid := SUBSTR(OWA_UTIL.get_cgi_env('QUERY_STRING'), 5);
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee ID: ' || eid || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:以下代码片段可在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的雇员,并输出相应雇员姓名。


...
SELECT ename INTO name FROM emp WHERE id = eid;
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title ('Employee Information');
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('Employee Name: ' || name || '');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.sql.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:以下 Python 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


req = self.request() # fetch the request object
eid = req.field('eid',None) # tainted request message
...
self.writeln("Employee ID:" + eid)


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

例 2:以下 Python 代码片段可根据一个已知的雇员 ID 查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
cursor.execute("select * from emp where id="+eid)
row = cursor.fetchone()
self.writeln('Employee name: ' + row["emp"]')
...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.python.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

例 1:以下 Ruby 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


eid = req.params['eid'] #gets request parameter 'eid'
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
res.write("Employee ID: #{eid}")
end


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种利用易受攻击的 Web 应用程序的机制称为 Reflected XSS,但请注意,如果按Example 1 所示使用 Rack::Request#params(),则会看到 GETPOST 这两个参数,因此可能很容易受到各种类型的攻击,而不仅仅是将恶意代码附加到 URL 中。

例 2:下面的 Ruby 代码片段会根据一个特定的雇员 ID 来查询数据库,并显示出相应的雇员姓名。


...
rs = conn.exec_params("select * from emp where id=?", eid)
...
Rack::Response.new.finish do |res|
...
rs.each do |row|
res.write("Employee name: #{escape(row['name'])}")
...
end
end
...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.ruby.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 Play 控制器代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


def getEmployee = Action { implicit request =>
val eid = request.getQueryString("eid")

val employee = getEmployee(eid)

if (employee == Null) {
val html = Html(s"Employee ID ${eid} not found")
Ok(html) as HTML
}
...
}


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Tongbo Luo, Hao Hao, Wenliang Du, Yifei Wang, and Heng Yin Attacks on WebView in the Android System
[4] Erika Chin and David Wagner Bifocals: Analyzing WebView Vulnerabilities in Android Applications
[5] INJECT-3: XML and HTML generation requires care Oracle
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[14] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.scala.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
该方法向 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据,会导致导致浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入网页。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为用户组件、URL 方案处理程序或通知,而对于 Persistent(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2. 未检验包含在动态内容中的数据,便将其传送给了 WKWebView 组件。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下代码可读取 UITextField 的内容并在 WKWebView 内将其显示给用户:


...
let webView : WKWebView
let inputTextField : UITextField
webView.loadHTMLString(inputTextField.text, baseURL:nil)
...


如果 inputTextField 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 inputTextField 中的文本包括元字符或源代码,那么可以由 Web 浏览器在显示 HTTP 响应的过程中以代码方式执行输入。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己设备上运行的内容呢?真正的危险在于,攻击者可能会使用电子邮件或社交工程手段引诱受害者执行此类操作。此诡计得逞后,受害者会不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的设备中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:下面的 Swift 代码片段会读取传递至并调用应用程序 (myapp://input_to_the_application) 的自定义 URL 方案的文本部分。然后,该 URL 中不受信赖的数据将用于呈现 UIWebView 组件中的 HTML 输出。


func application(app: UIApplication, openURL url: NSURL, options: [String : AnyObject]) -> Bool {
...
let name = getQueryStringParameter(url.absoluteString, "name")
let html = "Hi \(name)"
let webView = UIWebView()
webView.loadHTMLString(html, baseURL:nil)
...
}
func getQueryStringParameter(url: String?, param: String) -> String? {
if let url = url, urlComponents = NSURLComponents(string: url), queryItems = (urlComponents.queryItems as? [NSURLQueryItem]) {
return queryItems.filter({ (item) in item.name == param }).first?.value!
}
return nil
}


如同Example 2,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 内容中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从用户可控的 UI 组件中直接读取数据,并反馈到 HTTP 响应中。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,目标应用程序外部的源使用目标应用程序的自定义 URL 方案发出 URL 请求,该 URL 请求中未经验证的数据随后作为可信数据读回应用程序并包含在动态内容中。

- 如Example 3 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] W/Labs Continued Adventures with iOS UIWebViews
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.swift.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
向一个 Web 浏览器发送未经验证的数据会导致该浏览器执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) 漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序。对于 Reflected XSS,不可信赖的数据源通常为 Web 请求,而对于 Persisted(也称为 Stored)XSS,该数据源通常为数据库或其他后端数据存储。


2.未经验证但包含在动态内容中的数据将传送给 Web 用户。

传送到 Web 浏览器的恶意内容通常采用 JavaScript 片段的形式,但也可能会包含一些 HTML、Flash 或者其他任意一种可以被浏览器执行的代码。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。

示例 1:以下 ASP 代码片段可从 HTTP 请求中读取雇员 ID eid,并将其显示给用户。


...
eid = Request("eid")
Response.Write "Employee ID:" & eid & "<br/>"
..


如果 eid 只包含标准的字母或数字文本,这个例子中的代码就能正确运行。如果 eid 中的某个值包含元字符或源代码,则 Web 浏览器就会在显示 HTTP 响应时执行该代码。

起初,这个例子似乎是不会轻易遭受攻击的。毕竟,有谁会输入导致恶意代码在自己电脑上运行的 URL 呢?真正的危险在于攻击者会创建恶意的 URL,然后采用电子邮件或社交工程的欺骗手段诱使受害者访问此 URL 的链接。当受害者单击这个链接时,他们不知不觉地通过易受攻击的网络应用程序,将恶意内容带到了自己的电脑中。这种对易受攻击的 Web 应用程序进行盗取的机制通常被称为反射式 XSS。

示例 2:以下 ASP 代码片段可在数据库中查询具有给定 ID 的雇员,并输出相应雇员姓名。


...
eid = Request("eid")
strSQL = "Select * from emp where id=" & eid
objADORecordSet.Open strSQL, strConnect, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic, adCmdText
while not objRec.EOF
Response.Write "Employee Name:" & objADORecordSet("name")
objADORecordSet.MoveNext
Wend
...


如同Example 1,如果对 name 的值处理得当,该代码就能正常地执行各种功能;如若处理不当,就会对代码的漏洞利用行为无能为力。同样,这段代码看似没那么危险,因为 name 的值是从数据库中读取的,而且这些内容显然是由应用程序管理的。然而,如果 name 的值来自用户提供的数据,数据库就会成为恶意内容传播的通道。如果不对数据库中存储的所有数据进行恰当的输入验证,那么攻击者就可以在用户的 Web 浏览器中执行恶意命令。这种类型的漏洞利用称为 Persistent XSS(或 Stored XSS),它极其隐蔽,因为数据存储导致的间接行为会增大辨别威胁的难度,并使多个用户受此攻击影响的可能性提高。XSS 盗取会从访问提供留言簿 (guestbook) 的网站开始。攻击者会在这些留言簿的条目中嵌入 JavaScript,接下来所有访问该留言簿页面的访问者都会执行这些恶意代码。

正如例子中所显示的,XSS 漏洞是由于 HTTP 响应中包含了未经验证的数据代码而引起的。受害者遭受 XSS 攻击的途径有三种:

- 如Example 1 中所示,系统从 HTTP 请求中直接读取数据,并在 HTTP 响应中返回数据。当攻击者诱使用户为易受攻击的 Web 应用程序提供危险内容,而这些危险内容随后会反馈给用户并在 Web 浏览器中执行时,就会发生 Reflected XSS 漏洞利用。发送恶意内容最常用的方法是,将恶意内容作为一个参数包含在公开发布或通过电子邮件直接发送给受害者的 URL 中。以这种手段构造的 URL 已成为多种网络钓鱼阴谋的核心,攻击者会借此诱骗受害者访问指向易受攻击站点的 URL。该站点将攻击者的内容反馈给受害者后,便会执行这些内容,接下来会将用户计算机中的各种私密信息(比如可能包含会话信息的 Cookie)传输给攻击者,或者执行其他恶意活动。

- 如Example 2 中所示,应用程序将危险数据存储在数据库或其他可信赖的数据存储中。这些危险数据随后会被读回到应用程序中,并包含在动态内容中。在以下情况下会发生 Persistent XSS 漏洞利用:攻击者将危险内容注入到数据存储中,而这些危险内容随后会被读取并包含在动态内容中。从攻击者的角度看,注入恶意内容的最佳位置莫过于显示给许多用户或显示给特定相关用户的区域。这些相关用户通常在应用程序中具备较高的特权,或者可以与敏感数据交互,这些数据对攻击者来说具有利用价值。如果某一个用户执行了恶意内容,攻击者就有可能以该用户的名义执行某些需要特权的操作,或者获得该用户个人敏感数据的访问权。

— 应用程序之外的数据源将危险数据储存在一个数据库或其他数据存储器中,随后这些危险数据被当作可信赖的数据回写到应用程序中,并储存在动态内容中。
References
[1] Understanding Malicious Content Mitigation for Web Developers CERT
[2] HTML 4.01 Specification W3
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 79, CWE ID 80
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [2] CWE ID 079
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [1] CWE ID 079
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [2] CWE ID 079
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [2] CWE ID 079
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [2] CWE ID 079
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [1] CWE ID 079
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001310, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.3.3 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.6 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A4 Cross Site Scripting
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A1 Cross Site Scripting (XSS)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A2 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A3 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A7 Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.7
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.7
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 079
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3580 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002490 CAT I, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Cross-Site Scripting (WASC-08)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Cross-Site Scripting
desc.dataflow.vb.cross_site_scripting_reflected
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码片段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


...
author = request->get_form_field( 'author' ).
response->set_cookie( name = 'author' value = author ).
...


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR_PARAM 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如“Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.abap.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应标头中包含未经验证的数据会招致 Cache-Poisoning、Cross-Site Scripting、Cross-User Defacement、Page Hijacking、Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirect 攻击。
Explanation
Header Manipulation 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过不可信数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是通过 HTTP 请求。


2.数据包含在未经验证就发送给 Web 用户的 HTTP 响应标头中。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,然后该应用程序将这些数据包含在 HTTP 响应标头中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功实施 HTTP Response Splitting 漏洞,该应用程序必须允许将包含 CR(回车符,也可以由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行符,也可以由 %0a 或 \n 指定)字符的输入包含在标头中。攻击者不仅可以利用这些字符控制应用程序要发送的响应的剩余标头和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 标头感染恶意字符。例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置标头,最新版本的 Apache Tomcat 会抛出 IllegalArgumentException。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的标头,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 标头时仍需小心谨慎。

示例 1:以下代码设置的 HTTP 标头的名称和值可能受到攻击者控制:


@HttpGet
global static void doGet() {
...
Map<String, String> params = ApexPages.currentPage().getParameters();

RestResponse res = RestContext.response;
res.addHeader(params.get('name'), params.get('value'));
...
}


假设某个名称/值对由 authorJane Smith 组成,则包含此标头的 HTTP 响应可能会采用以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
author:Jane Smith
...


但是,由于标头值是由未经验证的用户输入组成的,因此攻击者可能会提交恶意的名称/值对,例如 HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...foobar,然后 HTTP 响应将被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
foo:bar


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

Cache Poisoning:如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响将仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会产生两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应。因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有标头或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与 Cross-Site Request Forgery 等类似攻击相结合时,攻击者可能会篡改、添加甚至覆盖合法用户的 Cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.apex.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器和框架可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。例如,Microsoft 的 .NET 框架的最新版本会在 CR、LF 和 NULL 字符被传送给 HttpResponse.AddHeader() 方法时将其转换为 %0d、%0a 和 %00。如果您正在使用的最新的 .NET 框架不允许使用新行字符设置头文件,则应用程序便不会容易受到 HTTP Response Splitting 攻击。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码片段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


protected System.Web.UI.WebControls.TextBox Author;
...
string author = Author.Text;
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("author", author);
...


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 Author.Text 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如“Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒:如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.dotnet.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未经验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement 或 page hijacking 等攻击。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未验证是否存在恶意字符就传送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码片段从 HTML 表单中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


...
EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(NAME)
VALUE(AUTHOR)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
WEB WRITE
HTTPHEADER(COOKIE)
VALUE(AUTHOR)
...
END-EXEC.
...


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如 "Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n......",那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

Cache Poisoning: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.cobol.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源(最常见的是一个 Web 请求)进入 Web 应用程序。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置头文件,最新版本的 Apache Tomcat 会抛出 IllegalArgumentException。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码片段会从 Web 表单中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


<cfcookie name = "author"
value = "#Form.author#"
expires = "NOW">


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR_PARAM 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如 "Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n......",那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1/1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

Cache Poisoning: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] Amit Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] Diabolic Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.cfml.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应标头中包含未经验证的数据会招致 Cache-Poisoning、Cross-Site Scripting、Cross-User Defacement、Page Hijacking、Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirect 攻击。
Explanation
Header Manipulation 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过不可信来源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2.数据包含在未经验证就发送给 Web 用户的 HTTP 响应标头中。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,然后该应用程序将这些数据包含在 HTTP 响应标头中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功实施 HTTP Response Splitting 漏洞,该应用程序必须允许将包含 CR(回车符,也可以由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行符,也可以由 %0a 或 \n 指定)字符的输入包含在标头中。攻击者不仅可以利用这些字符控制应用程序要发送的响应的剩余标头和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 标头中注入恶意字符。例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置标头,最新版本的 Apache Tomcat 会抛出 IllegalArgumentException。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的标头,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 标头时仍需小心谨慎。

示例 1:以下代码段会从 HTTP 请求中读取 'content-type',并将其置于一个新的 HTTP 请求的标头中。


final server = await HttpServer.bind('localhost', 18081);
server.listen((request) async {
final headers = request.headers;
final contentType = headers.value('content-type');
final client = HttpClient();
final clientRequest = await client.getUrl(Uri.parse('https://example.com'));
clientRequest.headers.add('Content-Type', contentType as Object);
});


由于 'Content-Type' 标头的值由未经验证的用户输入构成,恶意操作者可能会操纵该标头来利用漏洞、执行代码注入攻击、暴露敏感数据、启用恶意文件执行或触发拒绝服务情况,从而使应用程序的安全性和稳定性面临重大风险。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.dart.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应标头中包含未经验证的数据会招致 Cache-Poisoning、Cross-Site Scripting、Cross-User Defacement、Page Hijacking、Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirect 攻击。
Explanation
Header Manipulation 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1.数据通过不可信来源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2.数据包含在未经验证就发送给 Web 用户的 HTTP 响应标头中。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,然后该应用程序将这些数据包含在 HTTP 响应标头中。


示例 1:以下代码片段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


...
author := request.FormValue("AUTHOR_PARAM")
cookie := http.Cookie{
Name: "author",
Value: author,
Domain: "www.example.com",
}
http.SetCookie(w, &cookie)
...


攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

Cache Poisoning:如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会产生两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应。因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有标头或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似 Cross-Site Request Forgery 的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加甚至覆盖合法用户的 Cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[5] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.golang.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置头文件,最新版本的 Apache Tomcat 会抛出 IllegalArgumentException。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码片段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


String author = request.getParameter(AUTHOR_PARAM);
...
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("author", author);
cookie.setMaxAge(cookieExpiration);
response.addCookie(cookie);


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR_PARAM 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如“Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.java.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码片段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


author = form.author.value;
...
document.cookie = "author=" + author + ";expires="+cookieExpiration;
...


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR_PARAM 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如 "Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n......",那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。如果攻击者可以构造任意 HTTP 响应,则会导致多种形式的攻击,包括:Web 和浏览器 Cache-Poisoning、Cross-Site Scripting 和 Page Hijacking。


Cache Poisoning: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.javascript.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。


2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置头文件,最新版本的 Apache Tomcat 会抛出 IllegalArgumentException。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码段假设 namevalue 可能会被攻击者控制。这段代码设置了一个名称和值可能被攻击者控制的 HTTP 标头:


...
NSURLSessionConfiguration * config = [[NSURLSessionConfiguration alloc] init];
NSMutableDictionary *dict = @{};
[dict setObject:value forKey:name];
[config setHTTPAdditionalHeaders:dict];
...


假设一个名称/值对由 authorJane Smith 组成,则包含此标头的 HTTP 响应可能会以这样的形式出现:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
author:Jane Smith
...


但是,由于该标头的值由未经验证的用户输入组成,因此攻击者可以提交恶意的名称/值对,例如 HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...foobar,于是该 HTTP 响应将会拆分为如下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
foo:bar


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒:如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.objc.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。例如,当新行传递到 header() 函数时,最新版本的 PHP 将生成一个警告并停止创建头文件。如果您的 PHP 版本能够阻止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码段会从 HTTP 请求读取位置,并在 HTTP 响应的位置字段的头文件中对其进行设置。


<?php
$location = $_GET['some_location'];
...
header("location: $location");
?>


假设在请求中提交了一个由标准字母数字字符组成的字符串,如“index.html”,则包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
location: index.html
...


然而,因为该位置的值由未经验证的用户输入组成,所以仅当提交给 some_location 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如“index.html\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
location: index.html

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

Cache Poisoning: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.php.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码片段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


...
-- Assume QUERY_STRING looks like AUTHOR_PARAM=Name
author := SUBSTR(OWA_UTIL.get_cgi_env('QUERY_STRING'), 14);
OWA_UTIL.mime_header('text/html', false);
OWA_COOKE.send('author', author);
OWA_UTIL.http_header_close;
...


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR_PARAM 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如“Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒:如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.sql.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码段会从 HTTP 请求读取位置,并在 HTTP 响应的位置字段的头文件中对其进行设置。


location = req.field('some_location')
...
response.addHeader("location",location)


假设在请求中提交了一个由标准字母数字字符组成的字符串,如“index.html”,则包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
location: index.html
...


然而,因为该位置的值由未经验证的用户输入组成,所以仅当提交给 some_location 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如“index.html\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
location: index.html

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

Cache Poisoning: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.python.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置头文件,最新版本的 Apache Tomcat 会抛出 IllegalArgumentException。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志条目的作者 author 的名字,并在发往站点另一部分的 Get 请求中使用它。


author = req.params[AUTHOR_PARAM]
http = Net::HTTP.new(URI("http://www.mysite.com"))
http.post('/index.php', "author=#{author}")


假设在请求中提交了一个由标准字母数字字符组成的字符串,例如“Jane Smith”,HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


POST /index.php HTTP/1.1
Host: www.mysite.com
author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 URL 值是由未经验证的用户输入形成的,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR_PARAM 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,例如“Wiley Hacker\r\nPOST /index.php HTTP/1.1\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


POST /index.php HTTP/1.1
Host: www.mysite.com
author=Wiley Hacker

POST /index.php HTTP/1.1
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒: 如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应被缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.ruby.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应标头中包含未经验证的数据会招致 Cache-Poisoning、Cross-Site Scripting、Cross-User Defacement、Page Hijacking、Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirect 攻击。
Explanation
Header Manipulation 漏洞会在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据通过不可信来源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在未经验证就发送给 Web 用户的 HTTP 响应标头中。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。 从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,然后该应用程序将这些数据包含在 HTTP 响应标头中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。 为了成功实施 HTTP Response Splitting 漏洞,该应用程序必须允许将包含 CR(回车符,也可以由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行符,也可以由 %0a 或 \n 指定)字符的输入包含在标头中。 攻击者不仅可以利用这些字符控制应用程序要发送的响应的剩余标头和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 标头感染恶意字符。 例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置标头,Play Framework 会抛出异常。 如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的标头,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。 然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 标头时仍需小心谨慎。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.scala.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。


2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符。例如,如果尝试使用被禁用的字符设置头文件,最新版本的 Apache Tomcat 会抛出 IllegalArgumentException。如果您的应用程序服务器能够防止设置带有换行符的头文件,则其具备对 HTTP Response Splitting 的防御能力。然而,单纯地过滤换行符可能无法保证应用程序不受 Cookie Manipulation 或 Open Redirects 的攻击,因此必须在设置带有用户输入的 HTTP 头文件时采取措施。

示例 1:以下代码段假设 namevalue 可能会被攻击者控制。这段代码设置了一个名称和值可能被攻击者控制的 HTTP 标头:


...
var headers = []
headers[name] = value
let config = NSURLSessionConfiguration.backgroundSessionConfigurationWithIdentifier("com.acme")
config.HTTPAdditionalHeaders = headers
...


假设一个名称/值对由 authorJane Smith 组成,则包含此标头的 HTTP 响应可能会以这样的形式出现:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
author:Jane Smith
...


但是,由于该标头的值由未经验证的用户输入组成,因此攻击者可以提交恶意的名称/值对,例如 HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...foobar,于是该 HTTP 响应将会拆分为如下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
foo:bar


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒:如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.swift.header_manipulation
Abstract
HTTP 响应头文件中包含未验证的数据会引发 cache-poisoning、cross-site scripting、cross-user defacement、page hijacking、cookie manipulation 或 open redirect。
Explanation
以下情况中会出现 Header Manipulation 漏洞:

1. 数据通过一个不可信赖的数据源进入 Web 应用程序,最常见的是 HTTP 请求。

2. 数据包含在一个 HTTP 响应头文件里,未经验证就发送给了 Web 用户。

如同许多软件安全漏洞一样,Header Manipulation 只是通向终端的一个途径,它本身并不是终端。从本质上看,这些漏洞是显而易见的:一个攻击者将恶意数据传送到易受攻击的应用程序,且该应用程序将数据包含在 HTTP 响应头文件中。

其中最常见的一种 Header Manipulation 攻击是 HTTP Response Splitting。为了成功地实施 HTTP Response Splitting 盗取,应用程序必须允许将那些包含 CR(回车,由 %0d 或 \r 指定)和 LF(换行,由 %0a 或 \n 指定)的字符输入到头文件中。攻击者利用这些字符不仅可以控制应用程序要发送的响应剩余头文件和正文,还可以创建完全受其控制的其他响应。

如今的许多现代应用程序服务器可以防止 HTTP 头文件感染恶意字符,然而支持经典 ASP 的服务器通常不具备该保护机制。

示例 1:以下代码片段会从 HTTP 请求中读取网络日志项的作者名字 author,并将其置于一个 HTTP 响应的 Cookie 标头中。


...
author = Request.Form(AUTHOR_PARAM)
Response.Cookies("author") = author
Response.Cookies("author").Expires = cookieExpiration
...


假设在请求中提交了一个字符串,该字符串由标准的字母数字字符组成,如“Jane Smith”,那么包含该 Cookie 的 HTTP 响应可能表现为以下形式:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Jane Smith
...


然而,因为 cookie 值来源于未经校验的用户输入,所以仅当提交给 AUTHOR_PARAM 的值不包含任何 CR 和 LF 字符时,响应才会保留这种形式。如果攻击者提交的是一个恶意字符串,比如“Wiley Hacker\r\nHTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n...”,那么 HTTP 响应就会被分割成以下形式的两个响应:


HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...
Set-Cookie: author=Wiley Hacker

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
...


显然,第二个响应已完全由攻击者控制,攻击者可以用任何所需标头和正文内容构建该响应。攻击者可以构建任意 HTTP 响应,从而发起多种形式的攻击,包括:cross-user defacement、web and browser cache poisoning、cross-site scripting 和 page hijacking。

Cross-User Defacement:攻击者可以向一个易受攻击的服务器发出一个请求,导致服务器创建两个响应,其中第二个响应可能会被曲解为对其他请求的响应,而这一请求很可能是与服务器共享相同 TCP 连接的另一用户发出的。这种攻击可以通过以下方式实现:攻击者诱骗用户,让他们自己提交恶意请求;或在远程情况下,攻击者与用户共享同一个连接到服务器(如共享代理服务器)的 TCP 连接。最理想的情况是,攻击者通过这种方式使用户相信自己的应用程序已经遭受了黑客攻击,进而对应用程序的安全性失去信心。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能提供经特殊技术处理的内容,这些内容旨在模仿应用程序的执行方式,但会重定向用户的私人信息(如帐号和密码),将这些信息发送给攻击者。

缓存中毒:如果多用户 Web 缓存或者单用户浏览器缓存将恶意构建的响应缓存起来,该响应的破坏力会更大。如果响应缓存在共享的 Web 缓存(如在代理服务器中常见的缓存)中,那么使用该缓存的所有用户都会不断收到恶意内容,直到清除该缓存项为止。同样,如果响应缓存在单个用户的浏览器中,那么在清除该缓存项以前,该用户会不断收到恶意内容。然而,影响仅局限于本地浏览器的用户。

Cross-Site Scripting:一旦攻击者控制了应用程序传送的响应,就可以选择多种恶意内容并将其传播给用户。Cross-Site Scripting 是最常见的攻击形式,这种攻击在响应中包含了恶意的 JavaScript 或其他代码,并在用户的浏览器中执行。基于 XSS 的攻击手段花样百出,几乎是无穷无尽的,但通常它们都会包含传输给攻击者的私有数据(如 Cookie 或者其他会话信息)。在攻击者的控制下,指引受害者进入恶意的网络内容;或者利用易受攻击的站点,对用户的机器进行其他恶意操作。对于易受攻击的应用程序用户,最常见且最危险的攻击就是使用 JavaScript 将会话和身份验证信息返回给攻击者,而后攻击者就可以完全控制受害者的帐号了。

Page Hijacking:除了利用一个易受攻击的应用程序向用户传输恶意内容,还可以利用相同的根漏洞,将服务器生成的供用户使用的敏感内容重定向,转而供攻击者使用。攻击者通过提交一个会导致两个响应的请求,即服务器做出的预期响应和攻击者创建的响应,致使某个中间节点(如共享的代理服务器)误导服务器所生成的响应,将本来应传送给用户的响应错误地传给攻击者。因为攻击者创建的请求产生了两个响应,第一个被解析为针对攻击者请求做出的响应,第二个则被忽略。当用户通过同一 TCP 连接发出合法请求时,攻击者的请求已经在此处等候,并被解析为针对受害者这一请求的响应。这时,攻击者将第二个请求发送给服务器,代理服务器利用针对受害者(用户)的、由该服务器产生的这一请求对服务器做出响应,因此,针对受害者的这一响应中会包含所有头文件或正文中的敏感信息。

Cookie Manipulation:当与类似跨站请求伪造的攻击相结合时,攻击者就可以篡改、添加、甚至覆盖合法用户的 cookie。

Open Redirect:如果允许未验证的输入来控制重定向机制所使用的 URL,可能会有利于攻击者发动钓鱼攻击。
References
[1] A. Klein Divide and Conquer: HTTP Response Splitting, Web Cache Poisoning Attacks, and Related Topics
[2] D. Crab HTTP Response Splitting
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 113
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A03 Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 HTTP Response Splitting (WASC-25)
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 HTTP Response Splitting
desc.dataflow.vb.header_manipulation
Abstract
没有对 Integer overflow 进行说明可能会导致逻辑错误或 buffer overflow。
Explanation
当程序无法说明算术运算可能导致数量大于数据类型的最大值或小于其最小值的事实时,就会发生整数溢出错误。这些错误通常会导致内存分配函数出现问题,其中用户输入与有符号值和无符号值之间的隐式转换交叠。如果攻击者引发程序分配内存不足或在内存操作中将有符号值解释为无符号值,则程序可能容易受到缓冲区溢出的影响。

例 1:以下代码摘自 OpenSSH 3.3,演示了一个经典的 integer overflow 案例:


nresp = packet_get_int();
if (nresp > 0) {
response = xmalloc(nresp*sizeof(char*));
for (i = 0; i < nresp; i++)
response[i] = packet_get_string(NULL);
}


如果 nresp 拥有值 1073741824sizeof(char*) 拥有典型值 4,那么 nresp*sizeof(char*) 的操作结果将溢出,xmalloc() 参数将变为 0。大多数 malloc() 实施将允许分配 0 字节缓冲区,导致随后的循环迭代次数超出堆缓冲区 response

例 2: 该示例处理的用户输入包含一系列可变长度结构。输入的前 2 个字节决定了要处理的结构大小。


char* processNext(char* strm) {
char buf[512];
short len = *(short*) strm;
strm += sizeof(len);
if (len <= 512) {
memcpy(buf, strm, len);
process(buf);
return strm + len;
} else {
return -1;
}
}


程序员已为结构大小设置了一个上限:如果它大于 512,输入将不会被处理。问题是 len 为一个带符号的整数,因此针对最大结构长度的检查是用带符号的整数完成的,但是针对 memcpy() 调用,len 会转化为一个不带符号的整数。如果 len 为负,那么结构将看起来有一个适当的尺寸(将执行 if 分支),但是通过 memcpy() 复制的内存数量将相当大,攻击者将能够使用 strm 中的数据溢出堆栈。
References
[1] blexim Basic Integer Overflows Phrack
[2] D. Plakosh Coding Flaws That Lead to Security Failures 2nd Annual Hampton University Information Assurance Symposium
[3] Les Hatton Safer C: Developing Software for High-integrity and Safety-critical Systems McGraw-Hill Companies
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 190, CWE ID 191
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [8] CWE ID 190
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [11] CWE ID 190
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [12] CWE ID 190
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [13] CWE ID 190
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [14] CWE ID 190
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020, [23] CWE ID 190
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754, CCI-002824
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 7.5, Rule 7.6, Rule 21.18
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1, Rule 5-19-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1), SI-16 Memory Protection (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation, SI-16 Memory Protection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.4.3 Memory/String/Unmanaged Code Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 6.5.5
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 682
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Smart Contract Weakness Classification SWC-101
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Integer Overflows (WASC-03)
desc.dataflow.cpp.integer_overflow
Abstract
不对整数溢出作出说明可能会导致逻辑错误或缓冲区溢出。
Explanation
当程序无法说明算术运算可能导致数量大于数据类型的最大值或小于其最小值的事实时,就会发生整数溢出错误。这些错误通常会导致内存分配函数出现问题,其中用户输入与有符号值和无符号值之间的隐式转换交叠。如果攻击者引发程序分配内存不足或在内存操作中将有符号值解释为无符号值,则程序可能容易受到缓冲区溢出的影响。

示例 1:以下代码摘录演示了整数溢出的经典案例:


77 accept-in PIC 9(10).
77 num PIC X(4) COMP-5. *> native 32-bit unsigned integer
77 mem-size PIC X(4) COMP-5.
...
ACCEPT accept-in
MOVE accept-in TO num
MULTIPLY 4 BY num GIVING mem-size

CALL "CBL_ALLOC_MEM" USING
mem-pointer
BY VALUE mem-size
BY VALUE 0
RETURNING status-code
END-CALL


如果 num 拥有值 1073741824,则操作 MULTIPLY 4 BY num 的结果会溢出,并且参数 mem-sizemalloc() 将是 0。大多数 malloc() 实现允许分配 0 字节的缓冲区,这会导致堆缓冲区 mem-pointer 在后续语句中溢出。
References
[1] blexim Basic Integer Overflows Phrack
[2] D. Plakosh Coding Flaws That Lead to Security Failures 2nd Annual Hampton University Information Assurance Symposium
[3] Les Hatton Safer C: Developing Software for High-integrity and Safety-critical Systems McGraw-Hill Companies
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 190, CWE ID 191
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [8] CWE ID 190
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [11] CWE ID 190
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [12] CWE ID 190
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [13] CWE ID 190
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [14] CWE ID 190
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020, [23] CWE ID 190
[11] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754, CCI-002824
[12] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 7.5, Rule 7.6, Rule 21.18
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1, Rule 5-19-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1), SI-16 Memory Protection (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SI-10 Information Input Validation, SI-16 Memory Protection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.4.3 Memory/String/Unmanaged Code Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 6.5.5
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 682
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 190
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3550 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002590 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Smart Contract Weakness Classification SWC-101
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Integer Overflows (WASC-03)
desc.dataflow.cobol.integer_overflow
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:以下 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取值,并记录该值。


...
DATA log_msg TYPE bal_s_msg.

val = request->get_form_field( 'val' ).

log_msg-msgid = 'XY'.
log_msg-msgty = 'E'.
log_msg-msgno = '123'.
log_msg-msgv1 = 'VAL: '.
log_msg-msgv2 = val.

CALL FUNCTION 'BAL_LOG_MSG_ADD'
EXPORTING
I_S_MSG = log_msg
EXCEPTIONS
LOG_NOT_FOUND = 1
MSG_INCONSISTENT = 2
LOG_IS_FULL = 3
OTHERS = 4.
...


如果用户为“val”提交字符串“FOO”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


XY E 123 VAL: FOO


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串“FOO XY E 124 VAL: BAR”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


XY E 123 VAL: FOO XY E 124 VAL: BAR


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.abap.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果该值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var val:String = String(params["username"]);
var value:Number = parseInt(val);
if (value == Number.NaN) {
trace("Failed to parse val = " + val);
}


如果用户为 "val" 提交字符串 "twenty-one",则日志中会记录以下条目:


Failed to parse val=twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串 "twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy",则日志中会记录以下条目:


Failed to parse val=twenty-one

User logged out=badguy


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.actionscript.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据被写入应用程序或系统日志文件。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果该值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


...
string val = (string)Session["val"];
try {
int value = Int32.Parse(val);
}
catch (FormatException fe) {
log.Info("Failed to parse val= " + val);
}
...


如果用户为“val”提交字符串“twenty-one”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串“twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one

INFO: User logged out=badguy


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.dotnet.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入一个应用程序或系统日志文件。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,或者通过工具自动执行,以获取重要的数据点以及数据趋势。

如果攻击者能给应用程序提供随后被逐字记录到日志文件的数据,可能会妨碍日志文件的检查,甚至基于日志数据的总结都可能是错误的。通过将日志条目分隔符所使用的字符包括到他们的数据中,攻击者可能会在日志文件中插入错误的条目信息。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。在最糟糕是,攻击者可以在日志文件中注入代码或者其他的命令,充分利用日志处理实用程序 [2] 中的种种漏洞。

示例 1:以下代码从 CGI 脚本中接受一个由用户提交的字符串,并尝试将其转换为它所代表的长整数值。如果这个数值没能被解析成整数,那么数值会随同错误消息一起存入日志,提示发生的情况。


long value = strtol(val, &endPtr, 10);
if (*endPtr != '\0')
syslog(LOG_INFO,"Illegal value = %s",val);
...



如果用户为 "val" 提交字符串 "twenty-one",则日志中会记录以下条目:


Illegal value=twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串 "twenty-one\n\nINFO: User logged out=evil",则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one

INFO: User logged out=evil


攻击者无疑能够使用同样的机制来插入任意日志条目。为了使这种类型的 log forging 攻击有效,攻击者必须首先定义有效的日志条目格式,但是这通常可以通过在目标应用程序中泄漏系统信息实现。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.cpp.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,攻击者可能会破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:以下 Web 应用程序代码将尝试从一个 HTML 表单中读取一个值。并记录该值。


...
01 LOGAREA.
05 VALHEADER PIC X(50) VALUE 'VAL: '.
05 VAL PIC X(50).
...

EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(NAME)
VALUE(VAL)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC DLI
LOG
FROM(LOGAREA)
LENGTH(50)
END-EXEC.
...


如果用户为 "VAL" 提交字符串 "FOO",则日志中会记录以下条目:


VAL: FOO


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串 "FOO VAL: BAR",则日志中会记录以下条目:


VAL: FOO VAL: BAR


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.cobol.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。


2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。


为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下面的 Web 应用程序代码将尝试从 Web 表单中读取整数型参数。如果该值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


<cflog file="app_log" application="No" Thread="No"
text="Failed to parse val="#Form.val#">


如果用户为 "val" 提交字符串 "twenty-one",则日志中会记录以下条目:


"Information",,"02/28/01","14:50:37",,"Failed to parse val=twenty-one"


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串 "twenty-one%0a%0a%22Information%22%2C%2C%2202/28/01%22%2C%2214:53:40%22%2C%2C%22User%20logged%20out:%20badguy%22",则日志中会记录以下条目:


"Information",,"02/28/01","14:50:37",,"Failed to parse val=twenty-one"

"Information",,"02/28/01","14:53:40",,"User logged out: badguy"


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.cfml.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 漏洞:

1.数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2.数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件的历史记录或查看事务。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或趋势信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果该值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


func someHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request){
r.parseForm()
name := r.FormValue("name")
logout := r.FormValue("logout")
...
if (logout){
...
} else {
log.Printf("Attempt to log out: name: %s logout: %s", name, logout)
}
}


如果用户为 logout 提交字符串“twenty-one”,而且他可以创建一个名为“admin”的用户,则日志中会记录以下条目:


Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: twenty-one


但是,如果攻击者可以创建用户名 "admin+logout:+1+++++++++++++++++++++++",则日志中将记录以下条目:


Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: 1 logout: twenty-one
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.golang.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

例 1: 下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果数值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


...
String val = request.getParameter("val");
try {
int value = Integer.parseInt(val);
}
catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
log.info("Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...


如果用户为“val”提交字符串“twenty-one”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串“twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one

INFO: User logged out=badguy


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。

有些人认为在移动世界中,典型的 Web 应用程序漏洞(如 Log Forging)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 2:以下代码会调整Example 1 以适应 Android 平台。


...
String val = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("val");
try {
int value = Integer.parseInt();
}
catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
Log.e(TAG, "Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] IDS03-J. Do not log unsanitized user input CERT
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[7] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[8] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.java.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果数值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


var cp = require('child_process');
var http = require('http');
var url = require('url');

function listener(request, response){
var val = url.parse(request.url, true)['query']['val'];
if (isNaN(val)){
console.log("INFO: Failed to parse val = " + val);
}
...
}
...
http.createServer(listener).listen(8080);
...


如果用户为“val”提交字符串“twenty-one”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val = twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串“twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val=twenty-one

INFO: User logged out=badguy


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.javascript.log_forging
Abstract
标识函数会将未经验证的用户输入内容写入日志文件。攻击者可以利用这一行为来伪造日志条目或将恶意内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,或者通过工具自动执行,以获取重要的数据点以及数据趋势。

如果攻击者能给应用程序提供随后被逐字记录到日志文件的数据,可能会妨碍日志文件的检查,甚至基于日志数据的总结都可能是错误的。通过将日志条目分隔符所使用的字符包括到他们的数据中,攻击者可能会在日志文件中插入错误的条目信息。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。在最糟糕是,攻击者可以在日志文件中注入代码或者其他的命令,充分利用日志处理实用程序 [2] 中的种种漏洞。

例 1:以下代码从一个 CGI 脚本中接受一个由用户提交的字符串,并试图将其转换为它所代表的长整数值。如果这个数值没能被解析成整数,那么数值会随同错误消息一起存入日志,提示发生的情况。


long value = strtol(val, &endPtr, 10);
if (*endPtr != '\0')
NSLog("Illegal value = %s",val);
...



如果用户为 "val" 提交字符串 "twenty-one",则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串 "twenty-one\n\nINFO: User logged out=evil",则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one

INFO: User logged out=evil


攻击者无疑能够使用同样的机制来插入任意日志条目。为了使这种类型的伪造日志攻击有效,攻击者必须首先定义有效的日志条目格式,但是这通常可以通过在目标应用程序中泄漏系统信息实现。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.objc.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果该值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


<?php
$name =$_GET['name'];
...
$logout =$_GET['logout'];

if(is_numeric($logout))
{
...
}
else
{
trigger_error("Attempt to log out: name: $name logout: $val");
}
?>


如果用户为 logout 提交字符串“twenty-one”,而且他可以创建一个名为“admin”的用户,则日志中会记录以下条目:


PHP Notice: Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: twenty-one


但是,如果攻击者可以创建用户名 "admin+logout:+1+++++++++++++++++++++++",则日志中将记录以下条目:


PHP Notice: Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: 1 logout: twenty-one
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.php.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果该值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


name = req.field('name')
...
logout = req.field('logout')

if (logout):
...
else:
logger.error("Attempt to log out: name: %s logout: %s" % (name,logout))


如果用户为 logout 提交字符串“twenty-one”,而且他可以创建一个名为“admin”的用户,则日志中会记录以下条目:


Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: twenty-one


但是,如果攻击者可以创建用户名 "admin+logout:+1+++++++++++++++++++++++",则日志中将记录以下条目:


Attempt to log out: name: admin logout: 1 logout: twenty-one
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.python.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

例 1: 下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果数值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


...
val = req['val']
unless val.respond_to?(:to_int)
logger.info("Failed to parse val")
logger.info(val)
end
...


如果用户为“val”提交字符串“twenty-one”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val
INFO: twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串“twenty-one%0a%0aINFO:+User+logged+out%3dbadguy”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Failed to parse val
INFO: twenty-one

INFO: User logged out=badguy


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.ruby.log_forging
Abstract
标识函数会将未经验证的用户输入内容写入日志文件。攻击者可以利用这一行为来伪造日志条目或将恶意内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,或者通过工具自动执行,以获取重要的数据点以及数据趋势。

如果攻击者能给应用程序提供随后被逐字记录到日志文件的数据,可能会妨碍日志文件的检查,甚至基于日志数据的总结都可能是错误的。通过将日志条目分隔符所使用的字符包括到他们的数据中,攻击者可能会在日志文件中插入错误的条目信息。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。在最糟糕是,攻击者可以在日志文件中注入代码或者其他的命令,充分利用日志处理实用程序 [2] 中的种种漏洞。

示例 1:以下代码接受一个由用户提交的字符串,并试图将其转换为它所代表的整数值。如果这个数值没能被解析成整数,那么数值会随同错误消息一起存入日志,提示发生的情况。


...
let num = Int(param)
if num == nil {
NSLog("Illegal value = %@", param)
}
...


如果用户为“val”提交字符串“twenty-one”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Illegal value = twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串“twenty-one\n\nINFO: User logged out=evil”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


INFO: Illegal value=twenty-one

INFO: User logged out=evil


攻击者无疑能够使用同样的机制来插入任意日志条目。为了使这种类型的伪造日志攻击有效,攻击者必须首先定义有效的日志条目格式,但是这通常可以通过在目标应用程序中泄漏系统信息实现。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.swift.log_forging
Abstract
将未经验证的用户输入写入日志文件可致使攻击者伪造日志条目或将恶意信息内容注入日志。
Explanation
在以下情况下会发生 Log Forging 的漏洞:

1. 数据从一个不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据写入到应用程序或系统日志文件中。

为了便于以后的审阅、统计数据收集或调试,应用程序通常使用日志文件来储存事件或事务的历史记录。根据应用程序自身的特性,审阅日志文件可在必要时手动执行,也可以自动执行,即利用工具自动挑选日志中的重要事件或带有某种倾向性的信息。

如果攻击者可以向随后会被逐字记录到日志文件的应用程序提供数据,则可能会妨碍或误导日志文件的解读。最理想的情况是,攻击者可能通过向应用程序提供包括适当字符的输入,在日志文件中插入错误的条目。如果日志文件是自动处理的,那么攻击者就可以通过破坏文件格式或注入意外的字符,从而使文件无法使用。更阴险的攻击可能会导致日志文件中的统计信息发生偏差。通过伪造或其他方式,受到破坏的日志文件可用于掩护攻击者的跟踪轨迹,甚至还可以牵连第三方来执行恶意行为 [1]。最糟糕的情况是,攻击者可能向日志文件注入代码或者其他命令,利用日志处理实用程序中的漏洞 [2]。

示例 1:下列 Web 应用程序代码会尝试从一个请求对象中读取整数值。如果该值未被解析为整数,输入就会被记录到日志中,附带一条提示相关情况的错误消息。


...
Dim Val As Variant
Dim Value As Integer
Set Val = Request.Form("val")
If IsNumeric(Val) Then
Set Value = Val
Else
App.EventLog "Failed to parse val=" & Val, 1
End If
...


如果用户为“val”提交字符串“twenty-one”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


Failed to parse val=twenty-one


然而,如果攻击者提交字符串“twenty-one%0a%0a+User+logged+out%3dbadguy”,则日志中会记录以下条目:


Failed to parse val=twenty-one

User logged out=badguy


显然,攻击者可以使用同样的机制插入任意日志条目。
References
[1] A. Muffet The night the log was forged.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 117
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-002754
[6] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU, SI
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[10] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information (P1), AU-10 Non-Repudiation (P2), SC-24 Fail in Known State (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AU-9 Protection of Audit Information, AU-10 Non-Repudiation, SC-24 Fail in Known State, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.1 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.3.1 Output Encoding and Injection Prevention Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 7.3.1 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3), 7.3.2 Log Protection Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A2 Injection Flaws
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A1 Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A1 Injection
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A1 Injection
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A09 Security Logging and Monitoring Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.2, Requirement 10.5.2
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.1, Requirement 10.5.2
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 10.3.2
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 8.4 - Activity Tracking, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3690.2 CAT II, APP3690.4 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000590 CAT II, APSC-DV-002320 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20)
desc.dataflow.vb.log_forging
Abstract
内存已分配,但永远不会释放。
Explanation
Memory leak 的产生有两个常见(有时候这两个原因会同时发生作用)原因:

- 错误状况及其他异常情况。

— 不清楚由程序的哪一部分负责释放内存。

大多数 memory leak 会导致常规软件可靠性问题,但如果攻击者能够蓄意触发 memory leak,他就可能会通过引发程序崩溃来发起一个 denial of service 攻击,或者是利用因内存低的情况 [1] 所引发的其他意外的程序行为。

例 1:如果调用 read() 后没有返回预期的字节数,以下 C 函数将会泄漏已分配的内存块的信息:


char* getBlock(int fd) {
char* buf = (char*) malloc(BLOCK_SIZE);
if (!buf) {
return NULL;
}
if (read(fd, buf, BLOCK_SIZE) != BLOCK_SIZE) {
return NULL;
}
return buf;
}
References
[1] J. Whittaker and H. Thompson How to Break Software Security Addison Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 401
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094
[4] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 21.3
[6] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.3
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 18-4-1
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.6.1
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1)
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-2
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[47] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.controlflow.cpp.memory_leak
Abstract
内存会得到分配但从不会被释放。
Explanation
内存泄漏有两个共通而有时部分相同的原因:

- 错误状况及其他异常情况。

- 未明确程序的哪一部份负责释放内存。

大部分内存泄漏只会导致常规软件可靠性问题,但如果攻击者可能有意触发内存泄漏,该攻击者就有可能发起 Denial of Service 攻击(通过引发程序崩溃的方式)或利用由内存较低情况 [1] 引起的其他意外程序行为。

示例 1:如果发生错误,以下 Micro Focus COBOL 程序会泄漏已分配内存块:


CALL "CBL_ALLOC_MEM"
USING mem-pointer
BY VALUE mem-size
BY VALUE flags
RETURNING status-code
END-CALL

IF status-code NOT = 0
DISPLAY "Error!"
GOBACK
ELSE
SET ADDRESS OF mem TO mem-pointer
END-IF

PERFORM write-data
IF ws-status-code NOT = 0
DISPLAY "Error!"
GOBACK
ELSE
DISPLAY "Success!"
END-IF

CALL "CBL_FREE_MEM"
USING BY VALUE mem-pointer
RETURNING status-code
END-CALL

GOBACK
.
References
[1] J. Whittaker and H. Thompson How to Break Software Security Addison Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 401
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094
[4] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 21.3
[6] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.3
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 18-4-1
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.6.1
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1)
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-2
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[47] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.controlflow.cobol.memory_leak
Abstract
对象为成员变量分配了内存,但在其 dealloc() 方法中未能将其释放。
Explanation
Memory leak 的产生有两个常见(有时候这两个原因会同时发生作用)原因:

- 错误状况及其他异常情况。

— 不清楚由程序的哪一部分负责释放内存。

大多数 memory leak 会导致常规软件可靠性问题,但如果攻击者能够蓄意触发 memory leak,他就可能会通过引发程序崩溃来发起一个 denial of service 攻击,或者是利用因内存低的情况 [1] 所引发的其他意外的程序行为。

例 1:该 Objective-C 对象通过 init() 方法分配内存,但无法通过 deallocate() 方法将其释放,导致 memory leak:


- (void)init
{
myVar = [NSString alloc] init];
...
}

- (void)dealloc
{
[otherVar release];
}
References
[1] J. Whittaker and H. Thompson How to Break Software Security Addison Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 401
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094
[4] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 21.3
[6] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.3
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 18-4-1
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.6.1
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1)
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-2
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[47] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.structural.objc.memory_leak
Abstract
该程序会调整分配的内存块的大小。如果调整大小时失败,初始块将会泄漏。
Explanation
Memory leak 的产生有两个常见(有时候这两个原因会同时发生作用)原因:

- 错误状况及其他异常情况。

— 不清楚由程序的哪一部分负责释放内存。

大多数 memory leak 会导致常规软件可靠性问题,但如果攻击者能够蓄意触发 memory leak,他就可能会通过引发程序崩溃来发起一个 denial of service 攻击,或者是利用因内存低的情况 [1] 所引发的其他意外的程序行为。

例 1:如果 realloc() 调用无法调整初始分配的大小,以下 C 函数会泄漏一块分配的内存。


char* getBlocks(int fd) {
int amt;
int request = BLOCK_SIZE;
char* buf = (char*) malloc(BLOCK_SIZE + 1);
if (!buf) {
goto ERR;
}
amt = read(fd, buf, request);
while ((amt % BLOCK_SIZE) != 0) {
if (amt < request) {
goto ERR;
}
request = request + BLOCK_SIZE;
buf = realloc(buf, request);
if (!buf) {
goto ERR;
}
amt = read(fd, buf, request);
}

return buf;

ERR:
if (buf) {
free(buf);
}
return NULL;
}
References
[1] J. Whittaker and H. Thompson How to Break Software Security Addison Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 401
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094
[4] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 21.3
[6] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.3
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 18-4-1
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.6.1
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1)
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-2
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[15] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[16] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[38] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.controlflow.cpp.memory_leak_reallocation
Abstract
程序将调整已分配内存块的大小。如果调整大小失败,则原始块会泄漏。
Explanation
内存泄漏有两个共通而有时部分相同的原因:

- 错误状况及其他异常情况。

- 未明确程序的哪一部份负责释放内存。

大部分内存泄漏只会导致常规软件可靠性问题,但如果攻击者可能有意触发内存泄漏,该攻击者就有可能发起 Denial of Service 攻击(通过引发程序崩溃的方式)或利用由内存较低情况 [1] 引起的其他意外程序行为。

示例 1:如果调用 realloc() 无法调整原始分配的大小,则以下 Micro Focus COBOL 程序会泄漏已分配内存块。


CALL "malloc" USING
BY VALUE mem-size
RETURNING mem-pointer
END-CALL

ADD 1000 TO mem-size

CALL "realloc" USING
BY VALUE mem-pointer
BY VALUE mem-size
RETURNING mem-pointer
END-CALL

IF mem-pointer <> null
CALL "free" USING
BY VALUE mem-pointer
END-CALL
END-IF
References
[1] J. Whittaker and H. Thompson How to Break Software Security Addison Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 401
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001094
[4] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[5] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 21.3
[6] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.3
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 18-4-1
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 21.6.1
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection (P1)
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SC-5 Denial of Service Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-2
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A9 Application Denial of Service
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.9
[14] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP6080 CAT II
[15] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP6080 CAT II
[16] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP6080 CAT II
[17] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP6080 CAT II
[18] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP6080 CAT II
[19] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP6080 CAT II
[20] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP6080 CAT II
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002400 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Denial of Service (WASC-10)
[38] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Denial of Service
desc.controlflow.cobol.memory_leak_reallocation
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码为 URL 请求设置默认身份验证凭据。


...
var fs:FileStream = new FileStream();
fs.open(new File("config.properties"), FileMode.READ);
var password:String = fs.readMultiByte(fs.bytesAvailable, File.systemCharset);

URLRequestDefaults.setLoginCredentialsForHost(hostname, usr, password);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties 具有访问权限的人都能读取 password的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.actionscript.password_management
Abstract
以明文形式存储密码可能会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他数据存储中时,可能会发生 Password Management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码从注册表中读取密码,并利用该密码创建一个新的网络凭据。


...
string password = regKey.GetValue(passKey).ToString());
NetworkCredential netCred =
new NetworkCredential(username,password,domain);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对用于存储密码的注册表项具有访问权限的人都能读取 password的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Scott Mitchell Protecting Connection Strings and Other Configuration Information Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.dotnet.password_management
Abstract
以明文形式存储密码可能会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他数据存储中时,可能会发生 Password Management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码会从注册表中读取密码,并使用该密码来连接至数据库。


...
RegQueryValueEx(hkey,TEXT(.SQLPWD.),NULL,
NULL,(LPBYTE)password, &size);
rc = SQLConnect(*hdbc, server, SQL_NTS, uid,
SQL_NTS, password, SQL_NTS);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对用于存储密码的注册表项具有访问权限的人都能读取 password 的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Windows Data Protection Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.cpp.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
01 RECORD.
05 UID PIC X(10).
05 PASSWORD PIC X(10).
...
EXEC CICS
READ
FILE('CFG')
INTO(RECORD)
RIDFLD(ACCTNO)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC SQL
CONNECT :UID
IDENTIFIED BY :PASSWORD
AT :MYCONN
USING :MYSERVER
END-EXEC.
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 CFG具有访问权限的人都能读取密码值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.cobol.password_management
Abstract
以明文形式存储密码可能会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当来自用户的密码被接受,或者以明文形式存储在应用程序的配置文件或数据库中时,就会出现 Password Management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码从 Web 表单中读取一个密码并使用该密码连接到数据库。


<cfquery name = "GetCredentials" dataSource = "master">
SELECT Username, Password
FROM Credentials
WHERE DataSource="users"
</cfquery>
...
<cfquery name = "GetSSNs" dataSource = "users"
username = "#Username#" password = "#Password#">
SELECT SSN
FROM Users
</cfquery>
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 master表具有访问权限的人都能读取 UsernamePassword 的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.cfml.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性或配置文件中时,会发生 password management 问题。
示例 1:以下代码可以从 JSON 文件中读取密码,并使用该密码来设置请求的授权标头:


...
file, _ := os.Open("config.json")
decoder := json.NewDecoder(file)
decoder.Decode(&values)

request.SetBasicAuth(values.Username, values.Password)
...


这个代码可以顺利运行,但是任何对 config.json 具有访问权限的人都能读取 values.Password 中的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.golang.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
String password = prop.getProperty("password");

DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, password);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties 具有访问权限的人都能读取 password的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。

在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
示例 2:以下代码会从 Android WebView 存储中读取用户名和密码,并使用它们设置用于查看受保护页面的身份验证。

...
webview.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient() {
public void onReceivedHttpAuthRequest(WebView view,
HttpAuthHandler handler, String host, String realm) {
String[] credentials = view.getHttpAuthUsernamePassword(host, realm);
String username = credentials[0];
String password = credentials[1];
handler.proceed(username, password);
}
});
...


默认情况下,WebView 凭证以明文的形式存储且不经过 hash 处理。因此,如果用户拥有 root 设备(或使用仿真器),他/她就能读取存储的给定站点的密码。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.java.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码使用硬编码密码来连接应用程序和检索地址簿条目:


...
obj = new XMLHttpRequest();
obj.open('GET','/fetchusers.jsp?id='+form.id.value,'true','scott','tiger');
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何访问包含此代码的网页的人都可以查看密码。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.javascript.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:下面的代码会从 plist 文件读取密码,然后使用该密码解压缩受密码保护的文件。

...
NSDictionary *dict= [NSDictionary dictionaryWithContentsOfFile:[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"Config" ofType:@"plist"]];
NSString *password = [dict valueForKey:@"password"];
[SSZipArchive unzipFileAtPath:zipPath toDestination:destPath overwrite:TRUE password:password error:&error];
...

在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.objc.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
$props = file('config.properties', FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES | FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES);
$password = $props[0];

$link = mysql_connect($url, $usr, $password);
if (!$link) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties 具有访问权限的人都能读取 password的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.php.password_management
Abstract
以明文形式硬编码或存储一个密码可能会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式硬编码或存储在应用程序的配置文件或其他数据存储中时,会发生 Password Management 漏洞。使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码通过将用户提供的用于登录数据库的密码与期望的密码进行比较,从而对用户进行身份验证。


...
ip_address := OWA_SEC.get_client_ip;
IF ((OWA_SEC.get_user_id = 'scott') AND
(OWA_SEC.get_password = 'tiger') AND
(ip_address(1) = 144) and (ip_address(2) = 25)) THEN
RETURN TRUE;
ELSE
RETURN FALSE;
END IF;
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.semantic.sql.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
props = os.open('config.properties')
password = props[0]

link = MySQLdb.connect (host = "localhost",
user = "testuser",
passwd = password,
db = "test")
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties 具有访问权限的人都能读取 password的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.python.password_management
Abstract
以明文形式存储密码可能会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他数据存储中时,可能会发生 Password Management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码会从环境变量中读取密码,并使用该密码来连接至数据库。


require 'pg'
...
passwd = ENV['PASSWD']
...
conn = PG::Connection.new(:dbname => "myApp_production", :user => username, :password => passwd, :sslmode => 'require')


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对用于存储密码的环境变量具有访问权限的人都能读取 PASSWD的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.ruby.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性或配置文件中时,会发生 password management 问题。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
val prop = new Properties()
prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"))
val password = prop.getProperty("password")

DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, password)
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties具有访问权限的人都能读取password.的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.scala.password_management
Abstract
采用明文的形式存储密码会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:下面的代码会从 plist 文件读取密码,然后使用该密码解压缩受密码保护的文件。

...
var myDict: NSDictionary?
if let path = NSBundle.mainBundle().pathForResource("Config", ofType: "plist") {
myDict = NSDictionary(contentsOfFile: path)
}
if let dict = myDict {
zipArchive.unzipOpenFile(zipPath, password:dict["password"])
}
...

在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.swift.password_management
Abstract
以明文形式存储密码可能会危及系统安全。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
Private Declare Function GetPrivateProfileString _
Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetPrivateProfileStringA" _
(ByVal lpApplicationName As String, _
ByVal lpKeyName As Any, ByVal lpDefault As String, _
ByVal lpReturnedString As String, ByVal nSize As Long, _
ByVal lpFileName As String) As Long
...
Dim password As String
...
password = GetPrivateProfileString("MyApp", "Password", _
"", value, Len(value), _
App.Path & "\" & "Config.ini")
...
con.ConnectionString = "Driver={Microsoft ODBC for Oracle};Server=OracleServer.world;Uid=scott;Passwd=" & password &";"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties 具有访问权限的人都能读取 password的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 256
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 522
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [21] CWE ID 522
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.1.1 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.2 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.3 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.4 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.7 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.8 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.1.9 Password Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.5 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 14.1.3 Build (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[34] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
desc.dataflow.vb.password_management
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码对密码进行了硬编码处理:


...
password = 'tiger'.
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Scott Mitchell Protecting Connection Strings and Other Configuration Information Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.abap.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码会为 URL 请求设置默认身份验证凭据,并提供一个硬编码字符串作为密码:


...
URLRequestDefaults.setLoginCredentialsForHost(hostname, "scott", "tiger");
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的二进制码,他们就可以利用多种常用的反编译器来访问经过反汇编的代码,而在这些代码中恰恰包含着用户使用过的密码值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.actionscript.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。使用硬编码方式处理密码不仅会让所有项目开发人员都可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。

示例 1:以下代码使用硬编码密码对客户端证书进行身份验证:


...
HttpRequest req = new HttpRequest();
req.setClientCertificate('mycert', 'tiger');
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。任何人都可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限破坏系统。程序一经发布,更改证书密码将比较困难。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.apex.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码使用一个硬编码密码来创建网络凭据:


...
NetworkCredential netCred =
new NetworkCredential("scott", "tiger", domain);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改网络凭据用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的可执行代码,他们就能对包含所用密码值的代码进行反汇编。
References
[1] Scott Mitchell Protecting Connection Strings and Other Configuration Information Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.dotnet.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码用硬编码密码来连接数据库:


...
rc = SQLConnect(*hdbc, server, SQL_NTS, "scott",
SQL_NTS, "tiger", SQL_NTS);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的可执行代码,他们就能对包含所用密码值的代码进行反汇编。
References
[1] Windows Data Protection Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.cpp.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码用硬编码密码来连接数据库:


...
MOVE "scott" TO UID.
MOVE "tiger" TO PASSWORD.
EXEC SQL
CONNECT :UID
IDENTIFIED BY :PASSWORD
AT :MYCONN
USING :MYSERVER
END-EXEC.
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.cobol.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码用硬编码密码来连接数据库:


...
<cfquery name = "GetSSNs" dataSource = "users"
username = "scott" password = "tiger">
SELECT SSN
FROM Users
</cfquery>
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.cfml.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。通过硬编码方式处理密码不仅会让所有项目开发人员都可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码用硬编码密码来连接数据库:


...
var password = "foobarbaz";
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的字节代码,那么他们就可以利用 javap -c 命令访问已经过反汇编的代码,而这些代码中恰恰包含用户使用过的密码值。此操作的结果可能类似于Example 1 的以下内容:


javap -c ConnMngr.class

22: ldc #36; //String jdbc:mysql://ixne.com/rxsql
24: ldc #38; //String scott
26: ldc #17; //String tiger
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.dart.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded Password 会削弱系统安全性,并会导致无法轻易修正出现的安全问题。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。通过硬编码方式处理密码不仅会让所有项目开发人员都可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码对密码进行了硬编码处理:


password := "letmein"
...
response.SetBasicAuth(usrName, password)


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的二进制码,他们就可以利用多种常用的反编译器来访问经过反汇编的代码,而在这些代码中恰恰包含着用户使用过的密码值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.golang.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
例 1:以下代码用 hardcoded password 来连接数据库:


...
DriverManager.getConnection(url, "scott", "tiger");
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的字节代码,那么他们就可以利用 javap -c 命令访问已经过反汇编的代码,而这些代码中恰恰包含用户使用过的密码值。此操作的结果可能类似于Example 1 的以下内容:


javap -c ConnMngr.class

22: ldc #36; //String jdbc:mysql://ixne.com/rxsql
24: ldc #38; //String scott
26: ldc #17; //String tiger


在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
示例 2:以下代码会使用硬编码的用户名和密码设置用于通过 Android WebView 查看受保护页面的身份验证。

...
webview.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient() {
public void onReceivedHttpAuthRequest(WebView view,
HttpAuthHandler handler, String host, String realm) {
handler.proceed("guest", "allow");
}
});
...


Example 1 类似,该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问此代码的任何人都可以获得此密码。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] MSC03-J. Never hard code sensitive information CERT
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.java.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码使用硬编码密码来连接应用程序和检索地址簿条目:


...
obj = new XMLHttpRequest();
obj.open('GET','/fetchusers.jsp?id='+form.id.value,'true','scott','tiger');
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何访问包含此代码的网页的人都可以查看密码。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.javascript.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将难以修正。
Explanation
请勿以硬编码方式处理密码。这样做不仅会让所有项目开发人员都可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。一旦代码投入使用,要更改密码,可能必须要进行程序修补。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下 JSON 使用了 hardcoded password:


...
{
"username":"scott"
"password":"tiger"
}
...


此配置可能有效,但任何拥有此配置访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。一旦程序发布,很难更改默认用户帐户“scott”和密码“tiger”。任何人可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.structural.json.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。通过硬编码方式处理密码不仅会让所有项目开发人员都可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码用硬编码密码来连接数据库:


...
DriverManager.getConnection(url, "scott", "tiger")
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的字节代码,那么他们就可以利用 javap -c 命令访问已经过反汇编的代码,而这些代码中恰恰包含用户使用过的密码值。此操作的结果可能类似于Example 1 的以下内容:


javap -c ConnMngr.class

22: ldc #36; //String jdbc:mysql://ixne.com/rxsql
24: ldc #38; //String scott
26: ldc #17; //String tiger


在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
示例 2:以下代码会使用硬编码的用户名和密码设置用于通过 Android WebView 查看受保护页面的身份验证。

...
webview.webViewClient = object : WebViewClient() {
override fun onReceivedHttpAuthRequest( view: WebView,
handler: HttpAuthHandler, host: String, realm: String
) {
handler.proceed("guest", "allow")
}
}
...


Example 1 类似,该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问此代码的任何人都可以获得此密码。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] MSC03-J. Never hard code sensitive information CERT
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.kotlin.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。

示例 1:以下代码使用 hardcoded password 来连接数据库:


...
rc = SQLConnect(*hdbc, server, SQL_NTS, "scott",
SQL_NTS, "tiger", SQL_NTS);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。即使攻击者只能访问应用程序的可执行文件,他们也可以提取密码值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.structural.objc.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码用硬编码密码来连接数据库:


...
$link = mysql_connect($url, 'scott', 'tiger');
if (!$link) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.php.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码对密码进行了硬编码处理:


DECLARE
password VARCHAR(20);
BEGIN
password := "tiger";
END;


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的二进制码,他们就可以利用多种常用的反编译器来访问经过反汇编的代码,而在这些代码中恰恰包含着用户使用过的密码值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.sql.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码对密码进行了硬编码处理:


password = "tiger"
...
response.writeln("Password:" + password)


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的二进制码,他们就可以利用多种常用的反编译器来访问经过反汇编的代码,而在这些代码中恰恰包含着用户使用过的密码值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.python.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
例 1:以下代码用 hardcoded password 来连接数据库:


...
Mysql.new(URI(hostname, 'scott', 'tiger', databasename)
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。由于 Ruby 是一种解释型语言,因此如果该应用程序可由其他用户运行,则意味着,攻击者可以访问源代码,所以请务必注意,不要将其部署到生产软件中。即使使用可编译为本机代码的 Ruby 实现或将 C 扩展写入 Ruby,也不应为其给予隐式信任,因为仍可能通过调查二进制文件来检索到这些信息。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.structural.ruby.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码会使用硬编码密码连接到 Web 服务:


...
ws.url(url).withAuth("john", "secret", WSAuthScheme.BASIC)
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“john”和密码“secret”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的字节代码,那么他们就可以利用 javap -c 命令访问已经过反汇编的代码,而这些代码中恰恰包含用户使用过的密码值。此操作的结果可能类似于Example 1 的以下内容:


javap -c MyController.class

24: ldc #38; //String john
26: ldc #17; //String secret
References
[1] MSC03-J. Never hard code sensitive information CERT
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.scala.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
硬编码密码可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。

示例 1:以下代码使用 hardcoded password 来连接数据库:


...
let password = "secret"
let username = "scott"
let con = DBConnect(username, password)
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。即使攻击者只能访问应用程序的可执行文件,他们也可以提取密码值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.structural.swift.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将难以修正。
Explanation
请勿以硬编码方式处理密码。这样做不仅会让所有项目开发人员都可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。一旦代码投入使用,要更改密码,可能必须要进行程序修补。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,组织将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。

示例 1:以下 URL 使用了 hardcoded password:


...
https://user:secretpassword@example.com
...
示例 2:以下 ODBC 连接字符串使用了硬编码密码:


...
server=Server;database=Database;UID=UserName;PWD=Password;Encrypt=yes;
...
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.regex.universal.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
使用硬编码方式处理密码绝非好方法。这不仅是因为所有项目开发人员都可以使用通过硬编码方式处理的密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下代码用硬编码密码来连接数据库:


...
Dim con As New ADODB.Connection
Dim cmd As New ADODB.Command
Dim rst As New ADODB.Recordset

con.ConnectionString = "Driver={Microsoft ODBC for Oracle};Server=OracleServer.world;Uid=scott;Passwd=tiger;"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是有权访问该代码的任何人都能得到这个密码。一旦程序发布,除非修补该程序,否则可能无法更改数据库用户“scott”和密码“tiger”。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。更糟的是,如果攻击者能够访问应用程序的二进制码,他们就可以利用多种常用的反编译器来访问经过反汇编的代码,而在这些代码中恰恰包含着用户使用过的密码值。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.semantic.vb.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
Hardcoded password 可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将难以修正。
Explanation
请勿以硬编码方式处理密码。这样做不仅会让所有项目开发人员都可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。一旦代码投入使用,要更改密码,可能必须要进行程序修补。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下 YAML 使用了 hardcoded password:


...
credential_settings:
username: scott
password: tiger
...


此配置可能有效,但任何拥有此配置访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。一旦程序发布,很难更改默认用户帐户“scott”和密码“tiger”。任何人可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 259, CWE ID 798
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287, [19] CWE ID 798
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287, [20] CWE ID 798
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287, [16] CWE ID 798
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287, [15] CWE ID 798
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287, [18] CWE ID 798
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287, [22] CWE ID 798
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367, CCI-003109
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SA-4 Acquisition Process (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SA-4 Acquisition Process, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.3.1 Authenticator Lifecycle Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.2 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.4 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.5.2 Token-based Session Management (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.4.1 Secret Management (L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A07 Identification and Authentication Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 5.3 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective 6.3 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective C.2.1.2 - Web Software Access Controls
[35] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 259
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 798
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I, APSC-DV-003270 CAT II, APSC-DV-003280 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Insufficient Authentication (WASC-01)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Insufficient Authentication
desc.structural.yaml.password_management_hardcoded_password
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定 FTP 连接的默认密码:


...
* Default username for FTP connection is "scott"
* Default password for FTP connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Scott Mitchell Protecting Connection Strings and Other Configuration Information Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[4] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[5] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[54] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.abap.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.actionscript.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。

示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.apex.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.dotnet.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.cpp.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
* Default username for database connection is "scott"
* Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.cobol.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
<!-- Default username for database connection is "scott" -->
<!-- Default password for database connection is "tiger" -->
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.cfml.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.java.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.javascript.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,外界便可以获取密码,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...

此配置可能有效,但任何拥有此配置访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。任何人可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.json.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.php.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
-- Default username for database connection is "scott"
-- Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.sql.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
# Default username for database connection is "scott"
# Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.python.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
#Default username for database connection is "scott"
#Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.ruby.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
// Default username for database connection is "scott"
// Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.regex.universal.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
在系统或系统代码中的任意位置采用明文形式存储密码或密码详细信息可能会削弱系统安全性,一旦出现安全问题将无法轻易修正。
Explanation
请勿使用硬编码方式处理密码。在注释中存储密码详细信息等同于对密码进行硬编码。这不仅会让项目开发人员可以看到密码,而且还会使解决这一问题变得极其困难。在代码投入使用之后,密码便泄露到外界,除非对软件进行修补,否则将无法保护或更改密码。如果受密码保护的帐户遭受入侵,系统所有者将必须在安全性和可用性之间做出选择。
示例 1:以下注释指定默认密码来连接数据库:


...
'Default username for database connection is "scott"
'Default password for database connection is "tiger"
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何有该代码访问权限的人都可以获取该密码。雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 615
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199, CCI-002367
[4] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[5] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[7] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[9] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M1 Improper Credential Usage
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-STORAGE-1
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A05 Security Misconfiguration
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.2.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I, APP3350 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-003110 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[53] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.structural.vb.password_management_password_in_comment
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码为 URL 请求设置默认身份验证凭据。


...
var fs:FileStream = new FileStream();
fs.open(new File("config.properties"), FileMode.READ);
var decoder:Base64Decoder = new Base64Decoder();
decoder.decode(fs.readMultiByte(fs.bytesAvailable, File.systemCharset));
var password:String = decoder.toByteArray().toString();

URLRequestDefaults.setLoginCredentialsForHost(hostname, usr, password);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties具有访问权限的人都能读取 password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.actionscript.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的配置文件或其他数据存储中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码从注册表中读取密码,并利用该密码创建一个新的网络凭据。


...
string value = regKey.GetValue(passKey).ToString());
byte[] decVal = Convert.FromBase64String(value);
NetworkCredential netCred =
new NetworkCredential(username,decVal.toString(),domain);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对用于存储密码的注册表项具有访问权限的人都能读取 password的值。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Scott Mitchell Protecting Connection Strings and Other Configuration Information Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.dotnet.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的配置文件或其他数据存储中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码会从注册表中读取密码,使用一种简单的编码算法将密码解码,然后使用该密码连接至数据库。


...
RegQueryValueEx(hkey, TEXT(.SQLPWD.), NULL,
NULL, (LPBYTE)password64, &size64);
Base64Decode(password64, size64, (BYTE*)password, &size);
rc = SQLConnect(*hdbc, server, SQL_NTS, uid,
SQL_NTS, password, SQL_NTS);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对用于存储密码的注册表项具有访问权限的人都能读取 password64 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Windows Data Protection Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.cpp.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
01 RECORDX.
05 UID PIC X(10).
05 PASSWORD PIC X(10).
05 LEN PIC S9(4) COMP.
...
EXEC CICS
READ
FILE('CFG')
INTO(RECORDX)
RIDFLD(ACCTNO)
...
END-EXEC.

CALL "g_base64_decode_inplace" using
BY REFERENCE PASSWORD
BY REFERENCE LEN
ON EXCEPTION
DISPLAY "Requires GLib library" END-DISPLAY
END-CALL.

EXEC SQL
CONNECT :UID
IDENTIFIED BY :PASSWORD
END-EXEC.
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 CFG具有访问权限的人都能读取密码值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.cobol.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式使密码模糊化无法保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性或配置文件中时,会发生 password management 问题。程序员试图通过编码函数使密码模糊化,以解决 password management 问题,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都无法起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码可以从 JSON 文件中读取密码,并使用该密码来设置请求的授权标头。


...
file, _ := os.Open("config.json")
decoder := json.NewDecoder(file)
decoder.Decode(&values)
password := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(values.Password)

request.SetBasicAuth(values.Username, password)
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.json 具有访问权限的人都能读取 password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.golang.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
String password = Base64.decode(prop.getProperty("password"));

DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, password);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties具有访问权限的人都能读取 password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。

在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
示例 2:以下代码会从 Android WebView 存储中读取用户名和密码,并使用它们设置用于查看受保护页面的身份验证。

...
webview.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient() {
public void onReceivedHttpAuthRequest(WebView view,
HttpAuthHandler handler, String host, String realm) {
String[] credentials = view.getHttpAuthUsernamePassword(host, realm);
String username = new String(Base64.decode(credentials[0], DEFAULT));
String password = new String(Base64.decode(credentials[1], DEFAULT));
handler.proceed(username, password);
}
});
...


默认情况下,WebView 凭证以明文的形式存储且不经过 hash 处理。因此,如果用户拥有 root 设备(或使用仿真器),他/她就能读取存储的给定站点的密码。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.java.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码使用硬编码密码来连接应用程序和检索地址簿条目:


...
obj = new XMLHttpRequest();
obj.open('GET','/fetchusers.jsp?id='+form.id.value,'true','scott','tiger');
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何访问包含此代码的网页的人都可以查看密码。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.javascript.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。 程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:下面的代码会从 plist 文件读取密码,然后使用该密码解压缩受密码保护的文件。

...
NSDictionary *dict= [NSDictionary dictionaryWithContentsOfFile:[[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"Config" ofType:@"plist"]];
NSString *encoded_password = [dict valueForKey:@"encoded_password"];
NSData *decodedData = [[NSData alloc] initWithBase64EncodedString:encoded_password options:0];
NSString *decodedString = [[NSString alloc] initWithData:decodedData encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
[SSZipArchive unzipFileAtPath:zipPath toDestination:destPath overwrite:TRUE password:decodedString error:&error];
...


这组代码可以顺利运行,但是任何对 Config.plist 文件具有访问权限的人都能读取 encoded_password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。

在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.objc.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
$props = file('config.properties', FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES | FILE_SKIP_EMPTY_LINES);
$password = base64_decode($props[0]);

$link = mysql_connect($url, $usr, $password);
if (!$link) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties具有访问权限的人都能读取 password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.php.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
props = os.open('config.properties')
password = base64.b64decode(props[0])

link = MySQLdb.connect (host = "localhost",
user = "testuser",
passwd = password,
db = "test")
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties具有访问权限的人都能读取 password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.python.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的配置文件或其他数据存储中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码会从环境变量中读取密码,使用一种简单的编码算法将密码解码,然后使用该密码连接至数据库。


require 'pg'
require 'base64'
...
passwd = Base64.decode64(ENV['PASSWD64'])
...
conn = PG::Connection.new(:dbname => "myApp_production", :user => username, :password => passwd, :sslmode => 'require')



该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对用于存储密码的环境变量具有访问权限的人都能读取 PASSWD64的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.ruby.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式使密码模糊化无法保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性或配置文件中时,会发生 password management 问题。程序员试图通过编码函数使密码模糊化,以解决 password management 问题,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都无法起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
val prop = new Properties();
prop.load(new FileInputStream("config.properties"));
val password = Base64.decode(prop.getProperty("password"));

DriverManager.getConnection(url, usr, password);
...


该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 config.properties具有访问权限的人都能读取password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.scala.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。 程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:下面的代码会从 plist 文件读取密码,然后使用该密码解压缩受密码保护的文件。

...
var myDict: NSDictionary?
if let path = NSBundle.mainBundle().pathForResource("Config", ofType: "plist") {
myDict = NSDictionary(contentsOfFile: path)
}
if let dict = myDict {
let password = base64decode(dict["encoded_password"])
zipArchive.unzipOpenFile(zipPath, password:password])
}
...


这组代码可以顺利运行,但是任何对 Config.plist 文件具有访问权限的人都能读取 encoded_password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。

在移动环境中,由于设备丢失的几率较高,所以 password management 非常重要。
References
[1] SQLCipher.
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[13] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[60] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.swift.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式使密码模糊化无法保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性或配置文件中时,会发生 password management 问题。程序员试图通过编码函数使密码模糊化,以解决 password management 问题,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都无法起到充分保护密码的作用。

示例 1:以下 Linux 影子文件包含使用弱加密算法 DES 的密码。


...
root:qFio7llfVKk.s:19033:0:99999:7:::
...


DES 算法已被证实很弱,且可以在几天内被强力破解。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.regex.universal.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
采用普通的编码方式给密码加密并不能有效地保护密码。
Explanation
当密码以明文形式存储在应用程序的属性文件或其他配置文件中时,会发生 password management 漏洞。程序员试图通过编码函数来遮蔽密码,以修补 password management 漏洞,例如使用 64 位基址编码方式,但都不能起到充分保护密码的作用。
示例 1:以下代码可以从属性文件中读取密码,并使用该密码连接到数据库。


...
...
Private Declare Function GetPrivateProfileString _
Lib "kernel32" Alias "GetPrivateProfileStringA" _
(ByVal lpApplicationName As String, _
ByVal lpKeyName As Any, ByVal lpDefault As String, _
ByVal lpReturnedString As String, ByVal nSize As Long, _
ByVal lpFileName As String) As Long
...
Dim password As String
...
password = StrConv(DecodeBase64(GetPrivateProfileString("MyApp", "Password", _
"", value, Len(value), _
App.Path & "\" & "Config.ini")), vbUnicode)
...
con.ConnectionString = "Driver={Microsoft ODBC for Oracle};Server=OracleServer.world;Uid=scott;Passwd=" & password &";"
...



该代码可以正常运行,但是任何对 Config.ini具有访问权限的人都能读取 Password 的值,并且很容易确定这个值是否经过 64 位基址编码。任何心怀不轨的雇员可以利用手中掌握的信息访问权限入侵系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 261
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [13] CWE ID 287
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [14] CWE ID 287
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [14] CWE ID 287
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [14] CWE ID 287
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [13] CWE ID 287
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [14] CWE ID 287
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000196, CCI-001199
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 IA
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Insufficient Data Protection
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1)
[12] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.3 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.1 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.3 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.4 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.5 Algorithms (L2 L3), 6.2.6 Algorithms (L2 L3), 9.1.2 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.1.3 Communications Security Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M6 Broken Cryptography
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M10 Insufficient Cryptography
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CRYPTO-1
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A8 Insecure Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A8 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A7 Insecure Cryptographic Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.3, Requirement 6.5.8, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.3.1, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 6.2.4, Requirement 6.5.3, Requirement 6.5.6
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3150.1 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3150.1 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3150.1 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3150.1 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3150.1 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3150.1 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3150.1 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[59] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.vb.password_management_weak_cryptography
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的文件。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建文件名。


...
*Get the report that is to be deleted
r_name = request->get_form_field( 'report_name' ).
CONCATENATE `C:\\users\\reports\\` r_name INTO dsn.
DELETE DATASET dsn.
...


如果攻击者提供类似“..\\..\\usr\\sap\\DVEBMGS00\\exe\\disp+work.exe”的文件夹名,应用程序会删除重要文件,导致 SAP 系统立即崩溃。

例 2:以下代码用于显示针对用户提供的任何日期的清单详细信息。


...
PARAMETERS: p_date TYPE string.

*Get the invoice file for the date provided
CALL FUNCTION 'FILE_GET_NAME'
EXPORTING
logical_filename = 'INVOICE'
parameter_1 = p_date
IMPORTING
file_name = v_file
EXCEPTIONS
file_not_found = 1
OTHERS = 2.
IF sy-subrc <> 0.
* Implement suitable error handling here
ENDIF.

OPEN DATASET v_file FOR INPUT IN TEXT MODE.

DO.
READ DATASET v_file INTO v_record.
IF SY-SUBRC NE 0.
EXIT.
ELSE.
WRITE: / v_record.
ENDIF.
ENDDO.
...


如果攻击者提供类似“..\\..\\usr\\sap\\sys\\profile\\default.pfl”的字符串,而不提供有效日期,应用程序将显示所有默认 SAP 应用程序服务器配置文件参数设置,这可能会导致更精确的攻击。
References
[1] SAP OSS Notes 1497003, 1543851, 177702 and related ones.
[2] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[68] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.abap.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


var params:Object = LoaderInfo(this.root.loaderInfo).parameters;
var rName:String = String(params["reportName"]);
var rFile:File = new File("/usr/local/apfr/reports/" + rName);
...
rFile.deleteFile();
示例 2:下面的代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并写入“Debug”控制台或日志文件。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


var fs:FileStream = new FileStream();
fs.open(new File(String(configStream.readObject())+".txt"), FileMode.READ);
fs.readBytes(arr);
trace(arr);
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.actionscript.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2.攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

示例 1:以下 Visualforce 操作方法使用用户输入来访问静态资源。


public class MyController {
...
public PageRerference loadRes() {
PageReference ref = ApexPages.currentPage();
Map<String,String> params = ref.getParameters();
if (params.containsKey('resName')) {
if (params.containsKey('resPath')) {
return PageReference.forResource(params.get('resName'), params.get('resPath'));
}
}
return null;
}
}


程序员未考虑到攻击者可以操纵资源名称和路径来访问不适合公开的资源的可能性。
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.apex.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能提供像“..\\..\\Windows\\System32\\krnl386.exe”这样的文件名,这会导致应用程序删除重要的 Windows 系统文件。


String rName = Request.Item("reportName");
...
File.delete("C:\\users\\reports\\" + rName);
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,并且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们就可以使用该程序来读取系统中以“.txt”扩展名结尾的任何文件。


sr = new StreamReader(resmngr.GetString("sub")+".txt");
while ((line = sr.ReadLine()) != null) {
Console.WriteLine(line);
}
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.dotnet.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码利用来自 CGI 请求的输入生成一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../apache/conf/httpd.conf”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除特定的配置文件。


char* rName = getenv("reportName");
...
unlink(rName);
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于命令行的输入来决定该打开哪个文件,并返回到用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,并且恶意用户能够创建指向文件的软链接,那么他们可以使用程序来读取系统中任何文件的开始部分。


ifstream ifs(argv[0]);
string s;
ifs >> s;
cout << s;
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.cpp.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件操作中所用的文件资源名称会导致攻击者能够访问或修改并非是应用程序最初设计的数据集。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,CICS 中就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者可以指定 CICS 文件操作中使用的文件资源 (FCT) 名称。

2.通过指定资源,攻击者可以获取未经授权的访问权限。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者能够读取或写入针对应用程序通常不会访问的 CICS 区域配置的数据。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自 HTML 表单的输入来更新或有可能删除文件中的记录。


...
EXEC CICS
WEB READ
FORMFIELD(FILE)
VALUE(FILENAME)
...
END-EXEC.

EXEC CICS
READ
FILE(FILENAME)
INTO(RECORD)
RIDFLD(ACCTNO)
UPDATE
...
END-EXEC.
...
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.cobol.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自 Web 表单的输入创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能提供像“..\\..\\Windows\\System32\\krnl386.exe”这样的文件名,这会导致应用程序删除重要的 Windows 系统文件。


<cffile action = "delete"
file = "C:\\users\\reports\\#Form.reportName#">
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.cfml.path_manipulation
Abstract
如果允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径,攻击者将可以在系统上对文件进行随意覆盖。
Explanation
示例 1:以下示例以不安全的方式删除了文件。


final server = await HttpServer.bind('localhost', 18081);
server.listen((request) async {
final headers = request.headers;
final path = headers.value('path');
File(path!).delete();
}


Example 1 中,在对文件执行删除功能之前未验证 headers.value('path')
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.dart.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2.攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:下面的代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


rName := "/usr/local/apfr/reports/" + req.FormValue("fName")

rFile, err := os.OpenFile(rName, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE, 0755)

defer os.Remove(rName);
defer rFile.Close()
...

示例 2:下面的代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


...
config := ReadConfigFile()

filename := config.fName + ".txt";
data, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filename)

...

fmt.Println(string(data))
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.golang.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


String rName = request.getParameter("reportName");
File rFile = new File("/usr/local/apfr/reports/" + rName);
...
rFile.delete();
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


fis = new FileInputStream(cfg.getProperty("sub")+".txt");
amt = fis.read(arr);
out.println(arr);


有些人认为在移动环境中,典型的漏洞(如 path manipulation)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 3:以下代码会调整Example 1 以适应 Android 平台。


...
String rName = this.getIntent().getExtras().getString("reportName");
File rFile = getBaseContext().getFileStreamPath(rName);
...
rFile.delete();
...
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] FIO00-J. Do not operate on files in shared directories CERT
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[68] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.java.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


...
var reportNameParam = "reportName=";
var reportIndex = document.indexOf(reportNameParam);
if (reportIndex < 0) return;
var rName = document.URL.substring(reportIndex+reportNameParam.length);
window.requestFileSystem(window.TEMPORARY, 1024*1024, function(fs) {
fs.root.getFile('/usr/local/apfr/reports/' + rName, {create: false}, function(fileEntry) {
fileEntry.remove(function() {
console.log('File removed.');
}, errorHandler);

}, errorHandler);
}, errorHandler);
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于本地存储的输入来决定该打开哪个文件,并返回到用户。如果恶意用户能够更改本地存储的内容,就可以使用该程序来读取系统中扩展名为 .txt 的任何文件。


...
var filename = localStorage.sub + '.txt';
function oninit(fs) {
fs.root.getFile(filename, {}, function(fileEntry) {
fileEntry.file(function(file) {
var reader = new FileReader();
reader.onloadend = function(e) {
var txtArea = document.createElement('textarea');
txtArea.value = this.result;
document.body.appendChild(txtArea);
};
reader.readAsText(file);
}, errorHandler);
}, errorHandler);
}

window.requestFileSystem(window.TEMPORARY, 1024*1024, oninit, errorHandler);
...
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.javascript.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2.攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:下面的代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


val rName: String = request.getParameter("reportName")
val rFile = File("/usr/local/apfr/reports/$rName")
...
rFile.delete()
示例 2:下面的代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


fis = FileInputStream(cfg.getProperty("sub").toString() + ".txt")
amt = fis.read(arr)
out.println(arr)


有些人认为在移动环境中,典型的漏洞(如 path manipulation)是无意义的 -- 为什么用户要攻击自己?但是,谨记移动平台的本质是从各种来源下载并在相同设备上运行的应用程序。恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,它们会强制扩展移动应用程序的攻击面(包括跨进程通信)。

示例 3:以下代码会调整Example 1 以适应 Android 平台。


...
val rName: String = getIntent().getExtras().getString("reportName")
val rFile: File = getBaseContext().getFileStreamPath(rName)
...
rFile.delete()
...
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] FIO00-J. Do not operate on files in shared directories CERT
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[68] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.kotlin.path_manipulation
Abstract
攻击者能够控制文件系统路径参数,借此访问或修改原本受保护的文件。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用用户的输入创建文件路径。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用其他文件名,从而导致应用程序删除非指定的文件。


- (NSData*) testFileManager {

NSString *rootfolder = @"/Documents/";
NSString *filePath = [rootfolder stringByAppendingString:[fileName text]];

NSFileManager *fm = [NSFileManager defaultManager];
return [fm contentsAtPath:filePath];
}
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.objc.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


$rName = $_GET['reportName'];
$rFile = fopen("/usr/local/apfr/reports/" . rName,"a+");
...
unlink($rFile);
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


...
$filename = $CONFIG_TXT['sub'] . ".txt";
$handle = fopen($filename,"r");
$amt = fread($handle, filesize($filename));
echo $amt;
...
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.php.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


rName = req.field('reportName')
rFile = os.open("/usr/local/apfr/reports/" + rName)
...
os.unlink(rFile);
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


...
filename = CONFIG_TXT['sub'] + ".txt";
handle = os.open(filename)
print handle
...
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.python.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
例 1: 下面的代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


rName = req['reportName']
File.delete("/usr/local/apfr/reports/#{rName}")
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


...
fis = File.new("#{cfg.getProperty("sub")}.txt")
amt = fis.read
puts amt
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.ruby.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2.攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:下面的代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“../../tomcat/conf/server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


def readFile(reportName: String) = Action { request =>
val rFile = new File("/usr/local/apfr/reports/" + reportName)
...
rFile.delete()
}
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


val fis = new FileInputStream(cfg.getProperty("sub")+".txt")
val amt = fis.read(arr)
out.println(arr)
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] FIO00-J. Do not operate on files in shared directories CERT
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[68] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.scala.path_manipulation
Abstract
攻击者能够控制文件系统路径参数,借此访问或修改原本受保护的文件。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用用户的输入创建文件路径。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用其他文件名,从而导致应用程序删除非指定的文件。


func testFileManager() -> NSData {
let filePath : String = "/Documents/\(fileName.text)"
let fm : NSFileManager = NSFileManager.defaultManager()
return fm.contentsAtPath(filePath)
}
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.swift.path_manipulation
Abstract
允许用户输入控制文件系统操作所用的路径会导致攻击者能够访问或修改其他受保护的系统资源。
Explanation
当满足以下两个条件时,就会产生 path manipulation 错误:

1.攻击者能够指定某一文件系统操作中所使用的路径。

2. 攻击者可以通过指定特定资源来获取某种权限,而这种权限在一般情况下是不可能获得的。

例如,在某一程序中,攻击者可以获得特定的权限,以重写指定的文件或是在其控制的配置环境下运行程序。
示例 1:以下代码使用来自于 HTTP 请求的输入来创建一个文件名。程序员没有考虑到攻击者可能使用像“..\conf\server.xml”一样的文件名,从而导致应用程序删除它自己的配置文件。


Dim rName As String
Dim fso As New FileSystemObject
Dim rFile as File
Set rName = Request.Form("reportName")
Set rFile = fso.GetFile("C:\reports\" & rName)
...
fso.DeleteFile("C:\reports\" & rName)
...
示例 2:以下代码使用来自于配置文件的输入来决定打开哪个文件,并返回给用户。如果程序以足够的权限运行,且恶意用户能够篡改配置文件,那么他们可以通过程序读取系统中以扩展名 .txt 结尾的任何文件。


Dim fileName As String
Dim tsContent As String
Dim ts As TextStream
Dim fso As New FileSystemObject

fileName = GetPrivateProfileString("MyApp", "sub", _
"", value, Len(value), _
App.Path & "\" & "Config.ini")
...
Set ts = fso.OpenTextFile(fileName,1)
tsContent = ts.ReadAll
Response.Write tsContent
...
References
[1] G. Hoglund, G. McGraw Exploiting Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 22, CWE ID 73
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [10] CWE ID 022
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [12] CWE ID 022
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [8] CWE ID 022
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [8] CWE ID 022
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [8] CWE ID 022
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [5] CWE ID 022, [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000345, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 5.2.2 Sanitization and Sandboxing Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.1 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.2 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M8 Security Decisions Via Untrusted Inputs
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4, MASVS-PLATFORM-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 426
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[42] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Risky Resource Management - CWE ID 022
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3600 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I, APSC-DV-002960 CAT II
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Path Traversal (WASC-33)
[67] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Path Traversal
desc.dataflow.vb.path_manipulation
Abstract
忽略条件会导致程序无法发现意外状况和错误。
Explanation
几乎每一个对软件系统的严重攻击都是从违反程序员的假设开始的。攻击后,程序员的假设看起来既脆弱又拙劣,但攻击前,许多程序员会在午休时间为自己的种种假设做很好的辩护。

在代码中,很容易发现两个令人怀疑的假设:“一是这个函数调用不可能出错;二是即使出错了,也不会对系统造成什么重要影响。”因此当程序员忽略条件时,这其实就表明了他们是基于上述假设进行的操作。

例 1:下列摘录的代码会忽略 CICS 事务期间可能发生的错误情况。


...
EXEC CICS
INGNORE CONDITION ERROR
END-EXEC.
...


如果事务因为此错误情况而失败,程序会继续执行,就像什么都没有发生一样。程序不会记录任何有关这一特殊情况的依据,因而事后再查找这一异常就可能很困难。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 391
[2] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001312, CCI-001314, CCI-003272
[3] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 AU
[4] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[5] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 SA-15 Development Process and Standards and Tools (P2), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[6] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 SA-15 Development Process and Standards and Tools, SI-11 Error Handling
[7] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A7 Improper Error Handling
[8] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[9] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.7
[10] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.2, Requirement 6.5.6
[11] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.5
[12] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.5
[13] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.5
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.5
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.5
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.6 - Sensitive Data Retention
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.6 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective B.3.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.6 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective B.3.2 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[21] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3120 CAT II
[22] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3120 CAT II
[23] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3120 CAT II
[24] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3120 CAT II
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3120 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3120 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3120 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II, APSC-DV-003235 CAT II
desc.semantic.cobol.poor_condition_handling_ignored_condition
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码以明文形式向屏幕发送 FTP 帐户凭据。

...
uid = 'scott'.
password = 'tiger'.
WRITE: / 'Default username for FTP connection is: ', uid.
WRITE: / 'Default password for FTP connection is: ', password.
...


其他例子中可能也会存在这样的情况,即,将明文密码通过日志记录语句存储到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是在涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.abap.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储添加到数据库中的各条记录信息来跟踪这些信息。


pass = getPassword();
...
trace(id+":"+pass+":"+type+":"+tstamp);
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.actionscript.privacy_violation
Abstract
将未屏蔽的私人用户数据(如客户密码或社会保障号码)发送到外部位置会损害用户隐私,这通常是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1.检索私人用户信息。

2.数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、文件系统或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个日志记录语句,该语句将新设置的密码打印到调试日志中。


...
ResetPasswordResult passRes = System.resetPassword(id1, true);
System.Debug('New password: '+passRes.getPassword());
...


虽然许多开发人员认为事件日志是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

- 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

- 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储器

- 从合作伙伴或其他第三方间接获取

有时,未贴上私人标签的数据在其他上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。例如,学生的学号通常不视为私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确且公开可用的信息来反映学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然不安全地处理私人数据有多种形式,但是常见的风险来自于盲目的信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

为能够妥善应对此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

这些规范业已存在,但侵犯隐私的情况仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.apex.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储添加到数据库中的各条记录信息来跟踪这些信息。


pass = GetPassword();
...
dbmsLog.WriteLine(id+":"+pass+":"+type+":"+tstamp);
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.dotnet.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含了一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储记录信息跟踪添加到数据库中的各条记录信息。get_password() 函数可以从存储的其他值中返回一个由用户提供的、与该用户帐户相关的明文密码。


pass = get_password();
...
fprintf(dbms_log, "%d:%s:%s:%s", id, pass, type, tstamp);
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储所有数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取。

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式。

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取。

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号就应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就会带来额外的风险。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。然而,尽管某些特定资源已经被限制访问,但仍无法保证所有能够访问该资源的个体都是可以信赖的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.cpp.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码以明文形式向终端发送数据库帐户凭据。

...
MOVE "scott" TO UID.
MOVE "tiger" TO PASSWORD.
DISPLAY "Default username for database connection is: ", UID.
DISPLAY "Default password for database connection is: ", PASSWORD.
...


其他例子中可能也会存在这样的情况,即,将明文密码通过日志记录语句存储到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是在涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.cobol.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。


2. 数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含了一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储记录信息跟踪添加到数据库中的各条记录信息。除存储的其他值外,Session.pword 变量还包含与该帐户相关的明文密码。


<cflog file="app_log" application="No" Thread="No"
text="#Session.uname#:#Session.pword#:#type#:#Now()#">
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为可以将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.cfml.privacy_violation
Abstract
对私人信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会损害用户隐私,这通常是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1.用户私人信息进入了程序。

2.数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、文件系统或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储添加到数据库中的各条记录信息来跟踪这些信息。


var pass = getPassword();
...
dbmsLog.println(id+":"+pass+":"+type+":"+tstamp);
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

在移动世界中隐私是最令人担心的问题之一,其原因有以下两点。一是设备丢失的几率较高。第二点与移动应用程序之间的进程间通信有关。在移动平台上,可以从各种来源下载应用程序,并且可以在同一设备上同时运行这些应用程序。因为恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,所以应用程序的作者需要注意消息所包含的信息,这些消息将会发送给在设备上运行的其他应用程序。请勿在移动应用程序之间的进程间通信中包含敏感信息。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

- 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

- 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储器

- 从合作伙伴或其他第三方间接获取

通常,在移动环境下,此私人信息除了包括密码、SSN 和其他常规个人信息之外,还包括以下信息:

- 位置

- 手机号码

- 序列号和设备 ID

- 网络运营商信息

- 语音信箱信息


有时,未贴上私人标签的数据在其他上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。例如,学生的学号通常不视为私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确且公开可用的信息来反映学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然不安全地处理私人数据有多种形式,但是常见的风险来自于盲目的信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

为能够妥善应对此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

这些规范业已存在,但侵犯隐私的情况仍时有发生。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[6] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[7] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[8] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[9] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[10] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[11] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[14] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[15] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[23] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[30] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[31] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[56] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.dart.privacy_violation
Abstract
对私人信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会损害用户隐私,这通常是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1.用户私人信息进入了程序。

2.程序将数据写到一个外部位置,例如控制台、文件系统或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个语句,该语句以日志文件的形式将各条记录信息写入数据库。存储的值中,有一个是 GetPassword() 函数的返回值,该函数会返回与该帐户关联且由用户提供的明文密码。


pass = GetPassword();
...
if err != nil {
log.Printf('%s: %s %s %s', id, pass, type, tsstamp)
}
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到应用程序的事件日志中。虽然许多开发人员认为事件日志是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

- 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

- 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储器

- 从合作伙伴或其他第三方间接获取

有时,未贴上私人标签的数据在其他上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。例如,学生的学号通常不视为私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确且公开可用的信息来反映学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然不安全地处理私人数据有多种形式,但是常见的风险来自于盲目的信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

为能够妥善应对此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。各组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

这些规范业已存在,但侵犯隐私的情况仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.golang.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储添加到数据库中的各条记录信息来跟踪这些信息。


pass = getPassword();
...
dbmsLog.println(id+":"+pass+":"+type+":"+tstamp);
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

在移动世界中隐私是最令人担心的问题之一,其原因有以下两点。一是设备丢失的几率较高。第二点与移动应用程序之间的进程间通信有关。在移动平台上,可以从各种来源下载应用程序,并且可以在同一设备上同时运行这些应用程序。因为恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,所以应用程序的作者需要注意消息所包含的信息,这些消息将会发送给在设备上运行的其他应用程序。移动应用程序之间的进程间通信不应包含敏感信息。

示例 2:以下代码会从 Android WebView 存储中读取给定站点的用户名和密码,并将其广播给所有注册的接收者。

...
webview.setWebViewClient(new WebViewClient() {
public void onReceivedHttpAuthRequest(WebView view,
HttpAuthHandler handler, String host, String realm) {
String[] credentials = view.getHttpAuthUsernamePassword(host, realm);
String username = credentials[0];
String password = credentials[1];
Intent i = new Intent();
i.setAction("SEND_CREDENTIALS");
i.putExtra("username", username);
i.putExtra("password", password);
view.getContext().sendBroadcast(i);
}
});
...


此示例演示了几个问题。首先,WebView 凭证以明文的形式存储且不经过 hash 处理。因此,如果用户拥有 root 设备(或使用仿真器),他们就能读取存储的给定站点的密码。其次,明文凭证将被广播给所有注册的接收者,这就意味着任何使用 SEND_CREDENTIALS 收听的注册接收者都将收到消息。即使权限限制接收者人数,广播也不会受到保护;既然这样,我们也不建议将权限作为修复方式使用。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

通常,在移动环境下,此私人信息除了包括密码、SSN 和其他常规个人信息之外,还包括以下信息:

- 位置

- 手机号码

- 序列号和设备 ID

- 网络运营商信息

- 语音信箱信息


有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] SQLCipher.
[9] FUNDAMENTALS-4: Establish trust boundaries Oracle
[10] CONFIDENTIAL-2: Do not log highly sensitive information Oracle
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[15] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[16] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[17] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.java.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码将用户的明文密码存储到本地存储。


localStorage.setItem('password', password);


虽然许多开发人员认为本地存储是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是在涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.javascript.privacy_violation
Abstract
对私人信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会损害用户隐私,这通常是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1.用户私人信息进入了程序。

2.数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、文件系统或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储添加到数据库中的各条记录信息来跟踪这些信息。


pass = getPassword()
...
dbmsLog.println("$id:$pass:$type:$tstamp")
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

在移动环境中隐私是最令人担心的问题之一,其原因有以下两点。一是设备丢失的几率较高。第二点与移动应用程序之间的进程间通信有关。在移动平台上,可以从各种来源下载应用程序,并且可以在同一设备上同时运行这些应用程序。因为恶意软件在银行应用程序附近运行的可能性很高,所以开发人员必须注意消息所包含的信息,这些消息将会发送给在设备上运行的其他应用程序。请勿在移动应用程序之间的进程间通信中包含敏感信息。

示例 2:以下代码会从 Android WebView 存储中读取给定站点的用户名和密码,并将其广播给所有注册的接收者。

...
webview.webViewClient = object : WebViewClient() {
override fun onReceivedHttpAuthRequest(view: WebView,
handler: HttpAuthHandler, host: String, realm: String
) {
val credentials = view.getHttpAuthUsernamePassword(host, realm)
val username = credentials!![0]
val password = credentials[1]
val i = Intent()
i.action = "SEND_CREDENTIALS"
i.putExtra("username", username)
i.putExtra("password", password)
view.context.sendBroadcast(i)
}
}
...


此示例演示了几个问题。首先,WebView 凭证以明文的形式存储且不经过 hash 处理。因此,如果用户拥有 root 设备(或使用仿真器),他们就能读取存储的给定站点的密码。其次,明文凭证将被广播给所有注册的接收者,这就意味着任何使用 SEND_CREDENTIALS 收听的注册接收者都将收到消息。即使权限限制接收者人数,广播也不会受到保护;既然这样,我们也不建议将权限作为修复方式使用。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

- 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

- 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储器

- 从合作伙伴或其他第三方间接获取

通常,在移动环境下,此私人信息除了包括密码、SSN 和其他常规个人信息之外,还包括以下信息:

- 位置

- 手机号码

- 序列号和设备 ID

- 网络运营商信息

- 语音信箱信息


有时,未贴上私人标签的数据在其他上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。例如,学生的学号通常不视为私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确且公开可用的信息来反映学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然不安全地处理私人数据有多种形式,但是常见的风险来自于盲目的信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

为能够妥善应对此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

这些规范业已存在,但侵犯隐私的情况仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] SQLCipher.
[9] FUNDAMENTALS-4: Establish trust boundaries Oracle
[10] CONFIDENTIAL-2: Do not log highly sensitive information Oracle
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[15] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[16] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[17] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.kotlin.privacy_violation
Abstract
这种标识函数错误地处理了机密信息。此程序会危及到用户的个人隐私。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码会从移动设备中检索地理位置信息并将其发送到服务器,同时记录到该设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

locationManager = [[CLLocationManager alloc] init];
locationManager.delegate = self;
locationManager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest;
locationManager.distanceFilter = kCLDistanceFilterNone;
[locationManager startUpdatingLocation];
CLLocation *location = [locationManager location];
// Configure the new event with information from the location
CLLocationCoordinate2D coordinate = [location coordinate];

NSString *latitude = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%f", coordinate.latitude];
NSString *longitude = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%f", coordinate.longitude];

NSLog(@"dLatitude : %@", latitude);
NSLog(@"dLongitude : %@",longitude);

NSString *urlWithParams = [NSString stringWithFormat:TOKEN_URL, latitude, longitude];

NSMutableURLRequest *request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:urlWithParams]];
[request setHTTPMethod:@"GET"];
[[NSURLConnection alloc] initWithRequest:request delegate:self];


当设备丢失或被盗时,就会产生有关维护系统信息的其他方面的忧虑。攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备之后,即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。iOS 属性列表 (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问,可能会泄露个人信息。通常的做法是,不要将相关的隐私信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。

示例 2:下列代码向用户默认值列表中添加了一个密码条目,并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。


NSUserDefaults *defaults = [NSUserDefaults standardUserDefaults];

// Add password to user defaults
[defaults setObject:@"Super Secret" forKey:@"passwd"];

[defaults synchronize];


可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取。

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式。

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取。

- 从移动数据存储中检索如下信息:地址簿、拍摄的照片、地理位置、配置文件(包括 plist)、存档的 SMS 消息等。

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号就应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就会带来额外的风险。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。然而,尽管某些特定资源已经被限制访问,但仍无法保证所有能够访问该资源的个体都是可以信赖的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.objc.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含了一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储记录信息跟踪添加到数据库中的各条记录信息。在存储的其他数值中,有一个是 getPassword() 函数的返回值,该函数会返回与该帐户关联且由用户提供的明文密码。


<?php
$pass = getPassword();
trigger_error($id . ":" . $pass . ":" . $type . ":" . $tstamp);
?>
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到应用程序的事件日志中。虽然许多开发人员认为事件日志是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.php.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码向一个 Web 用户发送帐户凭据。在此,OWA_SEC.get_password() 函数会返回一个与用户帐户相关并且由用户提供的明文密码,这个密码将输出给 HTTP 响应。

...
HTP.htmlOpen;
HTP.headOpen;
HTP.title (.Account Information.);
HTP.headClose;
HTP.bodyOpen;
HTP.br;
HTP.print('User ID: ' ||
OWA_SEC.get_user_id || '
');
HTP.print('User Password: ' ||
OWA_SEC.get_password || '
');
HTP.br;
HTP.bodyClose;
HTP.htmlClose;
...


其他例子中可能也会存在这样的情况,即,将明文密码通过日志记录语句存储到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是在涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.sql.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含了一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储记录信息跟踪添加到数据库中的各条记录信息。在存储的其他数值中,有一个是 getPassword() 函数的返回值,该函数会返回与该帐户关联且由用户提供的明文密码。


pass = getPassword();
logger.warning('%s: %s %s %s', id, pass, type, tsstamp)
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到应用程序的事件日志中。虽然许多开发人员认为事件日志是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.python.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
例 1: 以下代码包含了一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储记录信息跟踪添加到数据库中的各条记录信息。在存储的其他数值中,get_password() 函数可以返回一个由用户提供的、与用户帐号相关的明文密码。


pass = get_password()
...
dbms_logger.warn("#{id}:#{pass}:#{type}:#{tstamp}")
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法事实上就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] SQLCipher.
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[14] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[15] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.ruby.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1.用户私人信息进入了程序。

2.数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储添加到数据库中的各条记录信息来跟踪这些信息。


val pass = getPassword()
...
dbmsLog.println(id+":"+pass+":"+type+":"+tstamp)
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到文件系统中。虽然许多开发人员认为文件系统是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

- 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

- 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

- 直接从合作伙伴或第三方获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] SQLCipher.
[9] FUNDAMENTALS-4: Establish trust boundaries Oracle
[10] CONFIDENTIAL-2: Do not log highly sensitive information Oracle
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[14] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[15] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[16] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[17] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[19] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[40] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[41] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[64] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[65] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[66] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.scala.privacy_violation
Abstract
这种标识函数错误地处理了机密信息。此程序会危及到用户的个人隐私。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码会从移动设备中检索地理位置信息并将其发送到服务器,同时记录到该设备中。虽然许多开发人员认为日志文件是存储所有数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

import CoreLocation
...
var locationManager : CLLocationManager!
var seenError : Bool = false
var locationFixAchieved : Bool = false
var locationStatus : NSString = "Not Started"

seenError = false
locationFixAchieved = false
locationManager = CLLocationManager()
locationManager.delegate = self
locationManager.locationServicesEnabled
locationManager.desiredAccuracy = kCLLocationAccuracyBest

locationManager.startUpdatingLocation()

...

if let location: CLLocation! = locationManager.location {
var coordinate : CLLocationCoordinate2D = location.coordinate

let latitude = NSString(format:@"%f", coordinate.latitude)
let longitude = NSString(format:@"%f", coordinate.longitude)

NSLog("dLatitude : %@", latitude)
NSLog("dLongitude : %@",longitude)

let urlString : String = "http://myserver.com/?lat=\(latitude)&lon=\(longitude)"
let url : NSURL = NSURL(string:urlString)
let request : NSURLRequest = NSURLRequest(URL:url)
var err : NSError?
var response : NSURLResponse?
var data : NSData = NSURLConnection.sendSynchronousRequest(request, returningResponse: &response, error:&err)
} else {
println("no location...")
}


当设备丢失或被盗时,就会产生有关维护系统信息的其他方面的忧虑。攻击者一旦拥有 iOS 设备之后,即可通过对设备进行 USB 连接来访问其中的大量数据。iOS 属性列表 (plist) 及 SQLite 数据库等文件很容易访问,可能会泄露个人信息。通常的做法是,不要将相关的隐私信息存储在文件系统中不受保护的位置。

示例 2:下列代码向用户默认值列表中添加了一个密码条目,并立即将其存储在一个 plist 文件中。


let defaults : NSUserDefaults = NSUserDefaults.standardUserDefaults()

// Add password to user defaults
defaults.setObject("Super Secret" forKey:"passwd")

defaults.synchronize()


可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取。

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式。

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取。

- 从移动数据存储中检索如下信息:地址簿、拍摄的照片、地理位置、配置文件(包括 plist)、存档的 SMS 消息等。

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号就应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就会带来额外的风险。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。然而,尽管某些特定资源已经被限制访问,但仍无法保证所有能够访问该资源的个体都是可以信赖的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[13] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[14] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[16] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[24] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.swift.privacy_violation
Abstract
对私人信息(如用户名、密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会损害用户隐私,这通常是一种非法行为。
Explanation

Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:
1.应用程序或程序对私人用户信息处理不当。
2.数据被写到外部位置,如控制台、文件系统、网络或日志文件。

虽然许多开发人员认为本地存储是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。
可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:
- 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取
- 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储器
- 从合作伙伴或其他第三方间接获取

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。
虽然不安全地处理私人数据有多种形式,但是常见的风险来自于盲目的信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。
为能够妥善应对此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人数据的收集与管理正日益规范化。各组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:
- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]
- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]
- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]
- California SB-1386 [6]
这些规范业已存在,但侵犯隐私的情况仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.regex.universal.privacy_violation
Abstract
对机密信息(如客户密码或社会保障号码)处理不当会危及用户的个人隐私,这是一种非法行为。
Explanation
Privacy Violation 会在以下情况下发生:

1. 用户私人信息进入了程序。

2. 数据被写到了一个外部介质,例如控制台、file system 或网络。
示例 1:以下代码包含了一个日志记录语句,该语句通过在日志文件中存储记录信息跟踪添加到数据库中的各条记录信息。getPassword 函数可以从存储的其他值中返回一个由用户提供的、与该用户帐户相关的明文密码。


pass = getPassword
...
App.EventLog id & ":" & pass & ":" & type & ":" &tstamp, 4
...
Example 1 中的代码会将明文密码记录到应用程序的事件日志中。虽然许多开发人员认为事件日志是存储数据的安全位置,但这不是绝对的,特别是涉及到隐私问题时。

可以通过多种方式将私人数据输入到程序中:

— 以密码或个人信息的形式直接从用户处获取

— 由应用程序访问数据库或者其他数据存储形式

— 间接地从合作者或者第三方处获取

有时,某些数据并没有贴上私人数据标签,但在特定的上下文中也有可能成为私人信息。比如,通常认为学生的学号不是私人信息,因为学号中并没有明确而公开的信息用以定位特定学生的个人信息。但是,如果学校用学生的社会保障号码生成学号,那么这时学号应被视为私人信息。

安全和隐私似乎一直是一对矛盾。从安全的角度看,您应该记录所有重要的操作,以便日后可以鉴定那些非法的操作。然而,当其中牵涉到私人数据时,这种做法就存在一定风险了。

虽然私人数据处理不当的方式多种多样,但常见风险来自于盲目信任。程序员通常会信任运行程序的操作环境,因此认为将私人信息存放在文件系统、注册表或者其他本地控制的资源中是值得信任的。尽管已经限制了某些资源的访问权限,但仍无法保证所有访问这些资源的个体都是值得信任的。例如,2004 年,一个不道德的 AOL 员工将大约 9200 万个私有客户电子邮件地址卖给了一个通过垃圾邮件进行营销的境外赌博网站 [1]。

鉴于此类备受瞩目的信息盗取事件,私人信息的收集与管理正日益规范化。要求各个组织应根据其经营地点、所从事的业务类型及其处理的私人数据性质,遵守下列一个或若干个联邦和州的规定:

- Safe Harbor Privacy Framework [3]

- Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) [4]

- Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) [5]

- California SB-1386 [6]

尽管制定了这些规范,Privacy Violation 漏洞仍时有发生。
References
[1] J. Oates AOL man pleads guilty to selling 92m email addies The Register
[2] Privacy Initiatives U.S. Federal Trade Commission
[3] Safe Harbor Privacy Framework U.S. Department of Commerce
[4] Financial Privacy: The Gramm-Leach Bliley Act (GLBA) Federal Trade Commission
[5] Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) U.S. Department of Human Services
[6] California SB-1386 Government of the State of California
[7] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 359
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [4] CWE ID 200
[10] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [7] CWE ID 200
[11] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [20] CWE ID 200
[12] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [17] CWE ID 200
[13] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000169, CCI-000196, CCI-000197, CCI-001199, CCI-001312, CCI-001314
[14] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Privacy Violation
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement (P1), AU-12 Audit Generation (P1), IA-5 Authenticator Management (P1), SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest (P1), SI-11 Error Handling (P2)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 AC-4 Information Flow Enforcement, AU-12 Audit Record Generation, IA-5 Authenticator Management, SC-28 Protection of Information at Rest, SI-11 Error Handling
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 2.2.1 General Authenticator Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.6.3 Look-up Secret Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.7.1 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.2 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.7.3 Out of Band Verifier Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 2.8.4 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.8.5 Single or Multi Factor One Time Verifier Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.2 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 2.10.3 Service Authentication Requirements (L2 L3), 3.7.1 Defenses Against Session Management Exploits (L1 L2 L3), 6.2.1 Algorithms (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.1 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.2.2 Client-side Data Protection (L1 L2 L3), 8.3.6 Sensitive Private Data (L2 L3), 8.1.1 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.1.2 General Data Protection (L2 L3), 8.3.4 Sensitive Private Data (L1 L2 L3), 9.2.3 Server Communications Security Requirements (L2 L3), 10.2.1 Malicious Code Search (L2 L3), 14.3.3 Unintended Security Disclosure Requirements (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M2 Insecure Data Storage
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M6 Inadequate Privacy Controls
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-PLATFORM-2, MASVS-STORAGE-1
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A6 Information Leakage and Improper Error Handling
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A6 Sensitive Data Exposure
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A3 Sensitive Data Exposure
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A02 Cryptographic Failures
[25] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.4
[26] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.6, Requirement 8.4
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 6.5.5, Requirement 8.4
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 3.2, Requirement 3.4, Requirement 4.2, Requirement 8.2.1
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 3.3.1, Requirement 3.3.2, Requirement 3.3.3, Requirement 3.5.1, Requirement 4.2.2, Requirement 8.3.1
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 3.3 - Sensitive Data Retention, Control Objective 6.1 - Sensitive Data Protection, Control Objective 7 - Use of Cryptography, Control Objective A.2.3 - Cardholder Data Protection, Control Objective B.2.5 - Terminal Software Design
[37] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[38] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2011 Porous Defenses - CWE ID 311
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3310 CAT I, APP3340 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3210.1 CAT II, APP3340 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-000650 CAT II, APSC-DV-001740 CAT I, APSC-DV-001750 CAT I, APSC-DV-002330 CAT II, APSC-DV-002570 CAT II, APSC-DV-002580 CAT II
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Information Leakage (WASC-13)
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium 24 + 2 Information Leakage
desc.dataflow.vb.privacy_violation
Abstract
将程序控制转移到不可信赖的应用程序、事务或是不可信赖的环境中,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Process control 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

— 攻击者能够篡改即将调用的程序的名称或事务的代码:攻击者直接地控制应用程序的名称和事务代码。

— 攻击者能够篡改调用程序或事务的环境:攻击者能够间接控制调用的程序或事务可用的通信区域。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制调用的程序名称或事务代码。这种类型的 Process Control 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。



2. 数据作为代表调用的程序名称或事务代码的一个字符串或部分字符串使用。



3. 通过在调用的程序或事务中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在一般情况下无法获得的权限或能力。

示例 1:以下代码摘自具有特别权限的系统实用程序,它通过从 HTTP 请求中读取值来确定要调用的事务代码。


...
tid = request->get_form_field( 'tid' ).

CALL TRANSACTION tid USING bdcdata MODE 'N'
MESSAGES INTO messtab.
...


以下摘录的代码使得攻击者能够调用任何事务,并有可能使用提升的应用程序权限来执行任意代码。因为程序不会检验从 HTTP 请求读取的值,所以如果攻击者可以控制这些值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而取得系统控制权。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.dataflow.abap.process_control
Abstract
从一个不可信赖的数据源或在不可信赖的环境中加载库或可执行文件,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意命令。
Explanation
Process control 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者可以篡改程序所加载的库或可执行文件的名称:攻击者直接控制库或可执行文件所使用的名称。

- 攻击者可以篡改加载库或可执行文件的环境:攻击者间接控制库或可执行文件名称的含义。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制加载的库的名称。这种类型的 Process Control 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。



2. 数据将用作表示应用程序所加载的库或可执行文件的字符串或该字符串的一部分。



3. 通过在库或可执行文件中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在其他情况下无法获得的特权或能力。

示例 1:特权系统实用程序中的以下代码使用应用程序配置属性 APPHOME,然后根据指定目录的相对路径加载本地库。


...
string lib = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["APPHOME"];
Environment.ExitCode = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ExecuteAssembly(lib);
...


这段代码允许攻击者加载库或可执行文件,并通过修改应用程序配置属性 APPHOME 以指向包含恶意版本 LIBNAME 的不同路径,从而使用更高的应用程序权限来执行任意代码。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,因此如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码,从而控制系统。
References
[1] Dotnet 4.6 API Documentation Microsoft
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.dataflow.dotnet.process_control
Abstract
从一个不可信赖的数据源或不可信赖的环境中加载库,会导致程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Process control 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的库:攻击者直接控制了库的名称。

— 攻击者可以篡改库加载的环境:攻击者间接控制库名称的含义。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制加载的库的名称。这种类型的 Process Control 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。

2. 数据作为字符串的一部分,代表一个由应用程序加载的库名。

3. 通过在库中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在一般情况下无法获得的权限或能力。

示例 1:以下代码来自于一个特权应用程序,使用注册表项来决定安装的目录,然后用基于指定目录的相对路径,加载一个库文件。


...
RegQueryValueEx(hkey, "APPHOME",
0, 0, (BYTE*)home, &size);
char* lib=(char*)malloc(strlen(home)+strlen(INITLIB));
if (lib) {
strcpy(lib,home);
strcat(lib,INITCMD);
LoadLibrary(lib);
}
...


在这个例子中,代码通过篡改注册表主键来指定一个包含 INITLIB 恶意版本的其他路径,进而允许攻击者加载一个任意库,以提高的应用程序权限去执行库中的任意代码。因为程序不会校验从环境中读取的值,如果攻击者能够控制 APPHOME 的值,就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意的代码。

示例 2:以下代码来自于一个基于 web 的管理实用程序,它允许用户访问一个接口,通过这个接口更新用户在系统上的配置文件。该实用程序使用一个名为 liberty.dll 的库,该库通常可在一个标准的系统目录中找到。


LoadLibrary("liberty.dll");


但是,程序并没有指定 liberty.dll 的绝对路径。在搜索顺序上,如果攻击者将一个名为 liberty.dll 的恶意库放在原本想要的库的前面,并且攻击者能够让程序在他们的环境(而不是 web 服务器环境)中运行,那么应用程序就会加载该恶意库,而不是原本想要的可信赖的库。由于这种类型的应用程序会以提高了的权限运行,因此攻击者的 liberty.dll 中的内容也将以提高的权限运行,这可能会使攻击者完全控制系统。

这种类型的攻击可能是由于在没有指明绝对路径的情况下,LoadLibrary() 所使用的搜索顺序造成的。如果当前目录比系统目录先搜索到,就像现在大多数最新的 Windows 版本,那么如果攻击者可在本地执行程序,这种类型的攻击就会变得十分简单。搜索顺序取决于操作系统的版本,在比较新的操作系统中,这一顺序由注册表主键控制:


HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\SafeDllSearchMode


该键值没有在 Windows 2000/NT 及 Windows Me/98/95 中定义。

在存在此键的操作系统上,LoadLibrary() 按以下方式运行:
如果 SafeDllSearchMode 为 1,搜索顺序如下所示:
(这是 Windows XP-SP1 及更高版本,包括 Windows Server 2003 的默认设置。)
1. 应用程序被加载的目录。
2. 系统目录。
3. 16 位系统目录(如果存在)。
4. Windows 目录。
5. 当前目录。
6. 在 PATH 环境变量中列出来的目录。
如果 SafeDllSearchMode 为 0,搜索顺序如下所示:
1. 应用程序被加载的目录。
2. 当前目录。
3. 系统目录。
4. 16 位系统目录(如果存在)。
5. Windows 目录。
6. 在 PATH 环境变量中列出来的目录。
References
[1] LoadLibraryW function Microsoft
[2] M. Howard, D. LeBlanc Writing Secure Code, Second Edition Microsoft Press
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[10] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[11] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[12] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[16] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[18] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[64] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.dataflow.cpp.process_control
Abstract
将程序控制转移到不可信赖的应用程序或是不可信赖的环境中会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Process control 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

— 攻击者能够篡改要调用的程序的名称:攻击者直接地控制应用程序的名称。

— 攻击者能够篡改调用程序的环境:攻击者能够间接控制调用的程序可用的通信区域。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制调用的程序名称。这种形式的进程控制漏洞在以下情况下发生:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。



2.数据用作表示调用的程序的整个字符串或一部分,或者确定对调用程序的环境的某些控制。



3. 通过在调用的程序中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在一般情况下无法获得的权限或能力。

示例 1:以下来自具有特别权限的系统实用程序的代码从终端中读取值,以确定转移控制的目标程序的名称。


...
ACCEPT PROGNAME.
EXEC CICS
LINK PROGRAM(PROGNAME)
COMMAREA(COMA)
LENGTH(LENA)
DATALENGTH(LENI)
SYSID('CONX')
END-EXEC.
...


此代码使攻击者能够将控制转移至一个程序,并有可能使用提升的应用程序权限来执行任意代码。因为程序不会检验从终端读取的值,所以如果攻击者可以控制这些值,他们就能欺骗应用程序,从而执行恶意代码并取得对系统的控制。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.dataflow.cobol.process_control
Abstract
从一个不可信赖的数据源或是不可信赖的环境中加载库,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Process control 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

— 攻击者可以篡改程序加载的库的名称:攻击者直接地控制库所使用的名称。

— 攻击者可以篡改库加载的环境:攻击者间接控制库名称的含义。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制加载的库的名称。这种类型的 Process Control 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。



2. 数据作为代表应用程序所加载的库的一个或部分字符串使用。



3. 通过在库中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在一般情况下无法获得的权限或能力。

例 1:以下代码来自于一个具有特别权限的系统实用程序,使用系统属性 APPHOME 来确定系统的安装目录,然后用基于指定目录的相对路径加载本地库。


...
String home = System.getProperty("APPHOME");
String lib = home + LIBNAME;
java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime().load(lib);
...


这段代码允许攻击者加载库,并通过修改系统属性 APPHOME,指向一个包含恶意版本 LIBNAME 的不同路径,从而使用较高的应用程序权限去执行任意代码。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,所以如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:以下代码使用 System.loadLibrary() 从名为 library.dll 的本地库加载代码,它通常可以在标准的系统目录中找到。


...
System.loadLibrary("library.dll");
...


这里的问题是,对于要加载的库来说,System.loadLibrary() 只会接受库的名称,而不接受库的路径。根据 Java 1.4.2 API 文档,这个函数会进行如下操作 [1]:

可以从库文件能够正常获取的本地 file system 中加载含有本地代码的文件。这一过程的具体操作需在特定的条件下执行。从库名称到某一个特定文件名的映射是在特定的系统方式下完成的。

在搜索顺序方面,如果攻击者将一份恶意的 library.dll 放在高于应用程序需要加载的文件的位置,那么应用程序就会加载该恶意代码,而不会选择加载最初需要的文件。由于应用程序的这一特性,它会以较高的权限运行,这就意味着攻击者的 library.dll 内容将以较高的权限运行,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制整个系统。
References
[1] Java 1.4.2 API Documentation Sun Microsystems
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.dataflow.java.process_control
Abstract
从一个不可信赖的数据源或是不可信赖的环境中加载库,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Process control 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

— 攻击者可以篡改程序加载的库的名称:攻击者直接地控制库所使用的名称。

— 攻击者可以篡改库加载的环境:攻击者间接控制库名称的含义。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制加载的库的名称。这种类型的 Process Control 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。



2. 数据作为代表应用程序所加载的库的一个或部分字符串使用。



3. 通过在库中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在一般情况下无法获得的权限或能力。

示例 1:以下代码使用 Express 当前未记录的“功能”动态加载库文件。然后,Node.js 将继续在其正则库加载路径中搜索包含此库的文件或目录[1]。


var express = require('express');
var app = express();

app.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
res.render('tutorial/' + req.params.page);
});


Express 中,传递到 Response.render() 的页面将加载先前未知的扩展库。这对于“foo.pug”等输入来说通常没有问题,因为这意味着加载 pug 库,该库是广为人知的模板引擎。但是,如果攻击者可以控制页面并进而控制扩展,那么他们便可以选择加载 Node.js 模块加载路径内的任何库。因为程序不会验证从 URL 参数接收的信息,所以攻击者可能会欺骗应用程序,去执行恶意代码并取得对系统的控制。
References
[1] Node.js Modules Documentation Node.js
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.dataflow.javascript.process_control
Abstract
从一个不可信赖的数据源或是不可信赖的环境中加载库,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意代码。
Explanation
Process control 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

— 攻击者可以篡改程序加载的库的名称:攻击者直接地控制库所使用的名称。

— 攻击者可以篡改库加载的环境:攻击者间接控制库名称的含义。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第一种情况,即攻击者有可能控制加载的库的名称。这种类型的 Process Control 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 数据从不可信赖的数据源进入应用程序。



2. 数据作为代表应用程序所加载的库的一个或部分字符串使用。



3. 通过在库中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在一般情况下无法获得的权限或能力。

例 1:以下代码来自于一个具有特别权限的系统实用程序,使用系统属性 APPHOME 来确定系统的安装目录,然后用基于指定目录的相对路径加载本地库。


...
$home = getenv("APPHOME");
$lib = $home + $LIBNAME;
dl($lib);
...


这段代码允许攻击者加载库,并通过修改系统属性 APPHOME,指向一个包含恶意版本 LIBNAME 的不同路径,从而使用较高的应用程序权限去执行任意代码。由于程序不会验证从环境中读取的值,所以如果攻击者能够控制系统属性 APPHOME 的值,他们就能欺骗应用程序去运行恶意代码从而取得系统控制权。

例 2:下列代码使用 dl() 来从名为 sockets.dll 的库加载代码,此库可从多个位置加载,具体取决于您的安装和配置。


...
dl("sockets");
...


这里的问题是,对于要加载的库来说,dl() 只会接受库的名称,而不接受库的路径。

在搜索顺序方面,如果攻击者将一份恶意的 sockets.dll 放在高于应用程序需要加载的文件的位置,那么应用程序就会加载该恶意代码,而不会选择加载最初需要的文件。由于应用程序的这一特性,它会以较高的权限运行,这就意味着攻击者的 sockets.dll 内容将以较高的权限运行,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制整个系统。
References
[1] M. Achour et al. PHP Manual
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[9] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[10] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[11] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[15] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[17] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[63] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.dataflow.php.process_control
Abstract
从一个不可信赖的数据源或是不可信赖的环境中加载库,会导致应用程序以攻击者的名义执行恶意代码。在 Ruby 中,存在可能会同时发生 Process Control 和 Command Injection 攻击的共同位置。
Explanation
在 Ruby 中,当正在执行某个命令时通常会发生 Process Control 攻击,这使得会发生两个不同的攻击:

1. Process Control
Process Control 漏洞表现为以下两种形式:

— 攻击者可以篡改程序加载的库的名称:攻击者直接地控制库所使用的名称。

— 攻击者可以篡改库加载的环境:攻击者间接控制库名称的含义。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第二种情况,即攻击者有可能通过程序加载指定库的恶意版本,以此来控制环境。

1. 攻击者为应用程序提供一个恶意的库。

2. 应用程序因为未指定一个绝对的路径,或未验证加载的文件而加载了恶意的库。

3. 通过在库中执行代码,应用程序授予攻击者在一般情况下无法获得的权限或能力。

请注意,当运行外部程序时,在 Windows 平台上可能会发生 Process Control 攻击,因为用于运行命令的 shell 是通过 RUBYSHELL 或 COMSPEC 环境变量选择的。如果攻击者能够在当前环境中修改这两个环境变量之一,这意味这两个环境变量所指的程序将使用权限或者运行的 Ruby 程序运行。

2. Command Injection
Command Injection 漏洞主要表现为以下两种形式:

- 攻击者能够篡改程序执行的命令:攻击者直接控制了所执行的命令。

- 攻击者能够篡改命令的执行环境:攻击者间接地控制了所执行的命令。

在这种情况下,我们着重关注第二种情况,即攻击者有可能通过篡改一个环境变量或预先在搜索路径中输入可执行的恶意内容,进而更改命令所代表的原始含义。这种类型的 Command Injection 漏洞会在以下情况下出现:

1. 攻击者篡改某一应用程序的环境。

2. 应用程序在没有指明绝对路径,或者没有检验所执行的二进制代码的情况下就执行命令。

3. 通过命令的执行,应用程序会授予攻击者一种原本不该拥有的特权或能力。

示例 1:以下代码通过运行 Kernel.system() 来运行称为 program.exe 的可执行文件,通常在标准系统目录中可找到该可执行文件。


...
system("program.exe")
...


这里的问题是双重的:
1. 在 Windows 平台上,Kernel.system() 通过 shell 执行程序。如果攻击者可以操纵 RUBYSHELLCOMSPEC 环境变量,这两个环境变量就能够指向恶意的可执行文件,通过为 Kernel.system() 指定的命令将会调用该可执行文件。由于应用程序自身的特性,它需要特定的权限执行系统操作,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 program.exe,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制这个系统。
2. 这种情况下在所有平台上,问题在于,程序没有指定一个绝对的路径,并且在执行 Kernel.system() 调用之前未能清理其环境。如果攻击者能够篡改 $PATH 变量,使其指向一个名为 program.exe 的恶意二进制代码,然后在指定环境中运行应用程序,那么应用程序就会加载该恶意二进制代码,并以此替代原本期望的代码。由于应用程序自身的特性,它需要特定的权限执行系统操作,这意味着攻击者会利用这些权限执行自己的 program.exe,从而可能导致攻击者完全控制这个系统。
References
[1] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 114, CWE ID 494
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2019 [3] CWE ID 020
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2020 [3] CWE ID 020
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2021 [4] CWE ID 020
[5] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [4] CWE ID 020
[6] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [6] CWE ID 020
[7] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2024 [12] CWE ID 020
[8] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-001764, CCI-001774, CCI-002754
[9] Standards Mapping - FIPS200 SI
[10] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Indirect Access to Sensitive Data
[11] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[12] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 4.14, Rule 1.3
[13] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2008 Rule 0-3-1
[14] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3
[15] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-7 Least Functionality (P1), SI-10 Information Input Validation (P1)
[16] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-7 Least Functionality, SI-10 Information Input Validation
[17] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.14.2 Configuration Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 5.1.3 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 5.1.4 Input Validation Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 10.2.3 Malicious Code Search (L3), 10.3.2 Deployed Application Integrity Controls (L1 L2 L3), 12.3.3 File Execution Requirements (L1 L2 L3), 14.2.3 Dependency (L1 L2 L3)
[18] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2014 M7 Client Side Injection
[19] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile 2024 M4 Insufficient Input/Output Validation
[20] Standards Mapping - OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard 2.0 MASVS-CODE-4
[21] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2004 A1 Unvalidated Input
[22] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2007 A4 Insecure Direct Object Reference
[23] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2010 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[24] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2013 A4 Insecure Direct Object References
[25] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2017 A5 Broken Access Control
[26] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A01 Broken Access Control
[27] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.1 Requirement 6.5.1
[28] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 1.2 Requirement 6.3.1.1, Requirement 6.5.4
[29] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 2.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[30] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.8
[31] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[32] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.8
[33] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.8
[34] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[35] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[36] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control
[37] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[38] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective 5.4 - Authentication and Access Control, Control Objective B.3.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective B.3.1.1 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation, Control Objective C.2.3 - Web Software Access Controls, Control Objective C.3.2 - Web Software Attack Mitigation
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3510 CAT I, APP3570 CAT I
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[48] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[49] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[50] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[51] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[52] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[53] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[54] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[55] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[56] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[57] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[58] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[59] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[60] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[61] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001480 CAT II, APSC-DV-001490 CAT II, APSC-DV-002530 CAT II, APSC-DV-002560 CAT I
[62] Standards Mapping - Web Application Security Consortium Version 2.00 Improper Input Handling (WASC-20), Improper Filesystem Permissions (WASC-17)
desc.structural.ruby.process_control
Abstract
从检查到文件资源到使用文件的这段时间间隙,可以用来发动一次扩大权限的攻击。
Explanation
文件访问的 race condition(如已知的 time-of-check、time-of-use (TOCTOU) race condition)在以下情况中出现:

1. 程序检查某个文件的属性时,根据名称来引用文件。

2.程序稍后使用相同的文件名执行文件系统操作,并假定先前检查的属性没有改变。
示例 1:以下代码来自已安装 setuid root 的程序。该程序代表非特权用户执行某些文件操作,并使用访问检查来确保它不会使用其 root 权限执行当前用户不应该执行的操作。该程序使用 access() 系统调用来检查运行该程序的人员是否有权访问指定的文件,然后再打开该文件并执行必要的操作。


if (!access(file,W_OK)) {
f = fopen(file,"w+");
operate(f);
...
}
else {
fprintf(stderr,"Unable to open file %s.\n",file);
}


access() 的调用按照预期计划的那样执行,而且如果运行程序的用户具有编辑文件的必要权限,则会返回 0,反之则会返回 -1。然而,因为 access()fopen() 都是对文件名进行操作,而不是文件句柄,所以当 file 变量传递到 fopen() 时,就无法保证该变量仍能像传递到 access() 时那样引用磁盘上相同的文件。如果攻击者在调用 access() 之后,用指向其他文件的象征性链接来取代 file,程序就会使用根权限对文件进行操作,即便这个文件是攻击者在其他情况下无法进行更改的。通过欺骗程序去运行其他情况下不允许执行的操作,从而使攻击者获得更高的权限。

这种形式的漏洞不限于具有 root 权限的程序。如果应用程序能够执行本不允许攻击者执行的操作,那么有可能就会成为攻击目标。

此类攻击的漏洞窗口是测试属性和使用文件之间的时间段。即使在检查后立即使用,现代操作系统也不能保证进程挂起 CPU 之前执行的代码量。攻击者有多种技术来延长机会窗口的长度,以便更容易地利用漏洞。然而,即使窗口很小,漏洞利用尝试也可以简单地重复一遍又一遍,直到成功。

示例 2:以下代码将生成一个文件,然后更改该文件的所有者。


fd = creat(FILE, 0644); /* Create file */
if (fd == -1)
return;
if (chown(FILE, UID, -1) < 0) { /* Change file owner */
...
}


该代码假定通过调用 chown() 操作的文件与通过调用 creat() 创建的文件是一样的,但事实未必如此。因为 chown() 根据文件名而不是文件句柄操作,攻击者可以将该文件替换为指向不归他所有的文件的链接。调用 chown() 将给予攻击者链接文件的所有权。
References
[1] J. Viega, G. McGraw Building Secure Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 362, CWE ID 367
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [22] CWE ID 362
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [21] CWE ID 362
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000366, CCI-003178
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 5.1, Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 6.8.1
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SA-11 Developer Security Testing and Evaluation (P1)
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SA-11 Developer Testing and Evaluation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.11.2 Business Logic Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 1.11.3 Business Logic Architectural Requirements (L3), 11.1.6 Business Logic Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.3 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.3 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[23] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 362
[24] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 362
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3630.1 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3630.1 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3630.1 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3630.1 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3630.1 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3630.1 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3630.1 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
desc.controlflow.cpp.race_condition_file_system_access
Abstract
可以利用检查文件属性和使用文件之间的时间窗口发起权限提升攻击。
Explanation
在以下情况下,将发生文件访问争用情况(称为检查时间、使用时间 (TOCTOU) 争用情况):

1.程序检查文件的属性,按名称引用文件。

2.程序稍后使用相同的文件名执行文件系统操作,并假定先前检查的属性没有改变。
示例 1:以下程序调用 CBL_CHECK_FILE_EXIST 例程在创建文件之前检查该文件是否存在,并执行所需的操作。


CALL "CBL_CHECK_FILE_EXIST" USING
filename
file-details
RETURNING status-code
END-CALL

IF status-code NOT = 0
MOVE 3 to access-mode
MOVE 0 to deny-mode
MOVE 0 to device

CALL "CBL_CREATE_FILE" USING
filename
access-mode
deny-mode
device
file-handle
RETURNING status-code
END-CALL
END-IF


CBL_CHECK_FILE_EXIST 的调用按预期正常运行并返回非零值,表明文件不存在。然而,由于 CBL_CHECK_FILE_EXISTCBL_CREATE_FILE 均作用于文件名而非文件句柄,因此无法保证 filename 变量仍然引用传递到 CBL_CREATE_FILE(当该变量传递到 CBL_CHECK_FILE_EXIST 时其引用的文件)时磁盘上的同一文件。如果攻击者在调用 CBL_CHECK_FILE_EXIST 后创建 filename,则对 CBL_CREATE_FILE 的调用将会失败,致使程序相信文件为空,而事实上该文件包含攻击者控制的数据。

此类攻击的漏洞窗口是测试属性和使用文件之间的时间段。即使在检查后立即使用,现代操作系统也不能保证进程挂起 CPU 之前执行的代码量。攻击者有多种技术来延长机会窗口的长度,以便更容易地利用漏洞。然而,即使窗口很小,漏洞利用尝试也可以简单地重复一遍又一遍,直到成功。

此外,这种类型的漏洞可能适用于具有 root 权限的程序,该程序可代表非特权用户执行某些文件操作,并使用访问检查来确保它不会使用其 root 权限执行不应被当前用户访问的操作。通过欺骗程序执行原本不允许的操作,攻击者可能会获得提升的权限。
References
[1] J. Viega, G. McGraw Building Secure Software Addison-Wesley
[2] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration CWE ID 362, CWE ID 367
[3] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2022 [22] CWE ID 362
[4] Standards Mapping - Common Weakness Enumeration Top 25 2023 [21] CWE ID 362
[5] Standards Mapping - DISA Control Correlation Identifier Version 2 CCI-000366, CCI-003178
[6] Standards Mapping - General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Access Violation
[7] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2012 Rule 1.3
[8] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C Guidelines 2023 Directive 5.1, Rule 1.3
[9] Standards Mapping - Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C++ Guidelines 2023 Rule 4.1.3, Rule 6.8.1
[10] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 4 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change (P1), CM-6 Configuration Settings (P1), SA-11 Developer Security Testing and Evaluation (P1)
[11] Standards Mapping - NIST Special Publication 800-53 Revision 5 CM-5 Access Restrictions for Change, CM-6 Configuration Settings, SA-11 Developer Testing and Evaluation
[12] Standards Mapping - OWASP Application Security Verification Standard 4.0 1.11.2 Business Logic Architectural Requirements (L2 L3), 1.11.3 Business Logic Architectural Requirements (L3), 11.1.6 Business Logic Security Requirements (L2 L3)
[13] Standards Mapping - OWASP Top 10 2021 A04 Insecure Design
[14] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.0 Requirement 6.5.6
[15] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[16] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2 Requirement 6.5.6
[17] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 3.2.1 Requirement 6.5.6
[18] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0 Requirement 6.2.4
[19] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard Version 4.0.1 Requirement 6.2.4
[20] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.0 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection
[21] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.1 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.3 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[22] Standards Mapping - Payment Card Industry Software Security Framework 1.2 Control Objective 4.2 - Critical Asset Protection, Control Objective B.3.3 - Terminal Software Attack Mitigation
[23] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2009 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 362
[24] Standards Mapping - SANS Top 25 2010 Insecure Interaction - CWE ID 362
[25] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.1 APP3630.1 CAT II
[26] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.4 APP3630.1 CAT II
[27] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.5 APP3630.1 CAT II
[28] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.6 APP3630.1 CAT II
[29] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.7 APP3630.1 CAT II
[30] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.9 APP3630.1 CAT II
[31] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 3.10 APP3630.1 CAT II
[32] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.2 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[33] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.3 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[34] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.4 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[35] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.5 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[36] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.6 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[37] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.7 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[38] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.8 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[39] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.9 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[40] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.10 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[41] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.11 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[42] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 4.1 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[43] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.1 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[44] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.2 APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[45] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 5.3 APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[46] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.1 APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
[47] Standards Mapping - Security Technical Implementation Guide Version 6.2 APSC-DV-001410 CAT II, APSC-DV-001995 CAT II
desc.controlflow.cobol.file_access_race_condition